Secondary Outcomes (explanation)
Here we list secondary outcomes. Details can be found in Appendix Tables 5 and 6 of "Analysis Plan and Measures".
1. Child Language Development at ages 12, 24, 36, 45-48 months: Language Milestones measured using Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ)- Communication Subscale (age 12 months); Vocabulary measured using the short-form of MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (at age 24 months) and measured using the Receptive and Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Tests (at ages 45-48 months); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing).
2. Child Socioemotional Processing at ages 12, 24, 45-48 months: Social-Emotional Problems measured using the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) (at ages 12, 24 months); Social-Emotional Behavior measured using the NICHD SECCYD Mother-Child Interaction Task (positive/negative mood, activity level, sustained attention, positive engagement) (at ages 12) and codes agency, negativity, persistence, affection (45-48 months); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing).
3. Child Brain Function at ages 12 and 45-48 months: Resting brain function measuring Gamma, Alpha and Theta power using EEG resting high-frequency power (waves adjusted for multiple testing bias) (age 12 months); Auditory Discrimination Brain Function measured using mismatch negativity event-related potentials (at age 45-48 months); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing).
4. Child Physiological Stress at age 45-48 months measured using child's hair cortisol.
5. Child Sleep at ages 12, 24 months measured using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS™) Sleep Disturbance (SD) Short Form.
6. Child Health at ages 12, 24 months at ages 12, 24 months measured using an index of survey items (see Appendix Table 5 in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items).
7. Child Epigenetic Age at age 45-48 months: Measured using the method following Fiorito et al. (2017) (see Bibliography in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for the full citation).
8. Child DNA Methylation at age 45-48 months: Measured using the method following Hughes et al. (2018) and Cao-Lei et al. (2014) (see Bibliography in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for the full citation).
9. Child Nutrition at age 24 months: Consumption of healthy foods measured using an additive index of survey items; Consumption of unhealthy foods measured using an additive index of survey items; (see Appendix Table 5 in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items).
10. Any Maternal Concern for Developmental Delay at age 36 months: Parental Evaluation of Developmental Status measured using the Parental Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS) and the total “predictive concerns” named in the Parental Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS); (see Appendix Table 5 in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing).
11. Child's Siblings' School Achievement starting at age 6 years using administrative test score data.
12. Child and Sibling School Behavior starting at age 6 years.
13. Household Economic Hardship at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Index of food insecurity measured using the U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form; Index of economic stress using an additive index of survey items, with higher score indicating higher stress (see Appendix Table 6 in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items); Household Poverty measured using Census Bureau's thresholds; (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing).
14. Social Services Receipt at ages 12, 24, 36 months measured by the number of benefits received by mother (see Appendix Table 6 in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items).
15. Mother's Labor Market and Education Participation at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Time to labor market reentry from birth (age 12 months); Time to full-time labor market reentry from birth (age 12 months); Dichotomous indicator of mother's education and training activity participation (see Appendix Table 6 in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing)
16. Child-Focused Expenditures at age 12, 24, 36 months: Index of child-focused expenditures since birth (age 12 months); Total dollar amount of child-focused expenditures in the past 30 days; Cost of paid child care in dollars; Dichotomous indicator of use of center-based care (see Appendix Table 6 in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing).
17. Housing and Neighborhood Quality at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Additive index of perceptions of neighborhood safety with higher score indicating feeling more safe; Additive index of housing quality (ages 12, 24 months); Additive index of items indicating experiences with homelessness; Excessive residential mobility measured using an indicator of three or more residential moves; Neighborhood Poverty Rate using census data (see Appendix Table 6 in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing).
18. Family and Maternal Perceived Stress at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS); Parenting Stress measured using the Aggravation in Parenting Scale (ages 12, 24 months); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures in the Family and Maternal Perceived Stress domain using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing).
19. Maternal Happiness and Optimism at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Global happiness measured using a survey item (see Appendix Table 5 in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for item); Maternal Agency measured using the HOPE Scale; (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing).
20. Maternal Physiological Stress age 12 months measured using maternal hair cortisol.
21. Maternal Mental Resources at age 45-48 months measured using Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test.
22. Maternal Mental Health at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Depression measured using PHQ-8; Anxiety measured using Beck Anxiety Inventory (at ages 12, 36 months) and using GAD-7 (at age 24, 36 months); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing).
23. Maternal Substance Abuse at ages 12, 36 months: Index of frequency of alcohol and cigarette use; frequency of opioid use (see Appendix Table 6 in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items) (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing).
24. Chaos in the Home at ages 12, 24 months: Measured using the Home Environment Chaos Scale.
25. Maternal Relationships at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Frequency of arguing (at age 12, 24 months); Physical abuse measured using a dichotomous indicator, Relationship quality measured using survey items (at age 12, 24 months); dichotomous indicator of high or low quality relationship, where 0 is defined as not in a relationship or a score above 26 on the Index of relationship quality and 1 is defined as in a relationship and a score of 26 or below on the Index of Relationship quality (at ages 24, 36 months); (see Appendix Table 6 in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing).
26. Maternal Physical Health at ages 12, 24, 36, 45-48 months: Global health measured using survey item (at ages 12, 24 months); Sleep measured using an additive index of survey items (at ages 12, 36 months); Mother's Body Mass Index measured dividing weight by stature (at age 45-48 months) (see Appendix Table 6 in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items) (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing).
27. Parent-Child Interaction Quality at ages 12 and 45-48 months: Adult word count measured using LENA Technology (age 12 months); Conversational turns measured using LENA Technology (age 12 months); Index of mother's positive parenting behaviors measured using the Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO™) to code NICHD SECCYD Mother-Child Interaction Task (adapted script) (age 12 months); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the family of related measures in the domain).
28. Maternal Epigenetic Age at age 45-48 months: Epigenetic age measured following Fiorito et al. (2017) (see Bibliography in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for the full citation).
29. Maternal DNA Methylation at age 45-48 months: DNA methylation analyzed using genomic-wide differences.
30. Frequency of Parent-Child Activity at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Self-report of parent-child activities measured using additive index of survey items; (see Appendix Table 6 in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items).
31. Maternal Discipline at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Spanking discipline measured using survey item; (see Appendix Table 6 in "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for item).