Secondary Outcomes (explanation)
Duration of mother's milk expression - Weeks of milk expression via direct breastfeeding or pumping.
Gestational weight-for-age - Change in sex-specific gestational weight-for-age z-score while admitted to the NICU.
Gestational length-for-age z-score - Change in sex-specific gestational length-for-age z-score while admitted to the NICU.
Gestational head circumference - Change in sex-specific gestational head circumference z-score while admitted to the NICU.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) - Experienced NEC during NICU stay according to Vermont Oxford Network (VON) definition; criteria: yes/no.
Late-onset bacterial or fungal sepsis (LOS) - Experienced with LOS during NICU stay according to Vermont Oxford Network (VON) definition; criteria: yes/no.
NICU Visitation - Proportion of nursing shifts where mother is present in the NICU.
Postpartum Bonding - Score of mother-infant bonding assessed inspired by the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire, where participants rate their agreement of statements on Likert scales ranging from 0 (always) to 5 (never); scores range from 0 to 50, with higher scores indicating more bonding challenges.
Provision of breast milk (volume) - Milliliters of nursing shift-total enteral intake that is maternal breast milk fed via gavage tube or bottle.
Breastfeeding episode - Occurrence of direct breastfeeding episode during each nursing shift.
Maternal physical health - Score of self-reported Short Form Health Survey -1 Physical Health Item; assesses participants' perception of their current physical health. Lower score indicates worse perceived physical health.
Maternal mental health (anxiety) - Score of self-reported 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10); assesses the perceived stress levels experienced in terms of overstrain, unmanageability, and unpredictability in the past month. Higher score indicates worse outcome.
Maternal mental health (depression) - Score of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS SR-16), a 16-item self-report measure of depression (ranges from 0-27) with a higher score indicating worse depressive symptoms. The QIDS SR-16 includes nine domains that relate to the nine primary symptoms of major depressive disorder in the DSM-IV.
Reaction Time Modified Flanker Task - Difference in reaction time between cued and uncued trials on correct responses. Lower scores indicate faster reaction times and better attentional performance.
Accuracy Performance Modified Flanker Task - Proportion of accurate responses on the Modified Flanker Task. Higher scores indicate higher accurate responses.
Reaction Time Psychomotor Vigilance Task - Difference in reaction time between cued and uncued trials on correct responses. Lower scores indicate quicker reaction times and heightened vigilance.
Accuracy Psychomotor Vigilance Task - Proportion of accurate responses on the Psychomotor Vigilance Task. Higher scores indicate higher accurate responses.
Happiness - Score of the General Social Survey (GSS) Single-Item Happiness Scale; assesses the overall and current perceived level of happiness experienced; with a 3-point scale from 0 (Not Happy) to 2 (Very Happy). Higher score indicates better perceived level of happiness.
Life satisfaction - Score of the Life Satisfaction Scale Item; assesses participants' perception of their current overall life satisfaction; with a 4-point scale from 0 (Very Satisfied) to 3 (Not At All Satisfied), and was reverse-coded such that higher scores indicate better perceived life satisfaction.
Sleep - Score of Sleep Quality Score (SQS) with 7-Day Recall; evaluates the overall quality of sleep. Core components include sleep duration, ease of falling asleep, frequency of waking during the night (excluding bathroom visits), early waking, and sleep refreshment. The respondent marks an integer score from 0 to 10, according to the following five categories: 0 = terrible, 1-3 = poor, 4-6 = fair, 7-9 = good, and 10 = excellent. Higher score indicates better perceived sleep quality.
Routine postpartum care - Number of routine postpartum follow-up visits attended by mom.
Financial distress - Score of financial stress during the NICU stay based on two metrics: difficulty in paying bills and remaining money at the end of the week. Scoring for each question is summed to create an overall financial distress score, ranging from 0 to 8. Higher score indicates higher financial distress.
Financial hardship - Score of financial hardships experienced during the NICU stay, including using up all savings, taking out loans, borrowing from friends, incurring debt, being threatened by eviction, or having a shut-off of an energy utility. Scoring for each question is yes/no and is summed to create an overall score that ranges between 0 and 6.
Food insecurity - Score of Food Insecurity Screening Tool; assesses the risk of food insecurity (availability and affordability) in households based on questions derived from the U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module. Response options include: "Often True," "Sometimes True," "Never True". An affirmative response on either item will be considered to be positive for food insecurity.
Housing instability - Number of moves family has made since their child's birth.
Housing insecurity - Score on housing insecurity scale; assesses participants' worry that they may not have stable housing in the next 2 months. Likert scales ranging from 0 (not at all worried) to 3 (very worried). Higher scores indicate greater levels of housing insecurity.
Transportation insecurity - Score on transportation insecurity item; assesses participants' experience of transportation-related issues affecting their ability to visit the NICU. Likert scales ranging from 0 (never) to 3 (always). Higher scores indicate greater levels of transportation insecurity.
Length of stay - The total number of days from infant admission to discharge from the hospital.
Mother readmission between 4-8 weeks post-discharge - Any mother readmission to the hospital after her initial discharge.
Baby readmission between 4-8 weeks post-discharge - Any infant readmission to the hospital after initial discharge.
Mother ED visit between 4-8 weeks post-discharge - The number of emergency department visits by the mother in the immediate postpartum period.
Baby ED visit between 4-8 weeks post-discharge - The number of emergency department visits by the infant after discharge.
Sleep position - Mothers report of exclusive infant supine position to sleep in the last two weeks.
Sleep location - Mothers report exclusively using the room-sharing sleep method, where the infant sleeps in the same room as an adult but on a separate crib or sleep surface, without bed-sharing, in the last two weeks.
Breastfeeding expression continuation - Mothers report of breastfeeding continuation.
Skin-to-skin care knowledge - Mothers report of knowledge about Skin-to-skin (STS) care based on 4 questions. Scored as a count variable that ranges between 0 and 4.
Breastfeeding knowledge - Mothers report of knowledge about breastfeeding based on 7 questions. Scored as a count variable that ranges between 0 and 7.
Perception of hospital experience - Assesses mothers' overall perception of hospital experience and hospital services during their stay, using a scale from 0 (worst hospital possible) to 10 (best hospital possible).