Primary Outcomes (end points)
Academic performance during the semester in course assignments and final grades. Also, we will use a predictor of college persistence developed by ASU administrators as an outcome that indicates the likelihood of a student dropping out. To the extent that we manage to run a second survey, we will also plan to use as outcomes changes in study habits and in beliefs about study habits and changes in beliefs related to the production function of grades (i.e., returns to effort). We plan to analyze the heterogeneous effects by first-generation, gender, race, and field of study/academic department.