Upskilling Youths or Firms? Randomized Controlled Trial of a Government-led Dual Apprenticeship Program in Nigeria

Last registered on May 06, 2025

Pre-Trial

Trial Information

General Information

Title
Upskilling Youths or Firms? Randomized Controlled Trial of a Government-led Dual Apprenticeship Program in Nigeria
RCT ID
AEARCTR-0015929
Initial registration date
May 02, 2025

Initial registration date is when the trial was registered.

It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication.

First published
May 06, 2025, 5:12 AM EDT

First published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed.

Locations

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Primary Investigator

Affiliation
World Bank

Other Primary Investigator(s)

PI Affiliation
World Bank
PI Affiliation
CREST and JPAL
PI Affiliation
World Bank

Additional Trial Information

Status
On going
Start date
2022-01-01
End date
2026-12-31
Secondary IDs
Prior work
This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs.
Abstract
Traditional (on-the-job) apprenticeship is one the most common forms of training in Africa, especially for low-skill youth. Apprentices are also a major source of labor for informal micro and small firms. While informal apprenticeships are prevalent in low and middle-income countries, several open questions remain on the most cost-effective policy interventions to enhance skill acquisition, improve youth employment outcomes and boost firm performance. Through a 4-arms RCT, this study assesses whether and how interventions at the youth or firm-level can improve skills and employment outcomes.

The study is a randomized controlled trial of a government-led program implemented across 6 states of Nigeria. It assesses the impact of three types of interventions: (i) a dual apprenticeship training for youth – which combines on-the-job training, with theoretical training in vocational centers along with soft skills and digital skills training, (ii) a master craft person (MCP) training to improve training quality in firms combining technical training to modernize their skills, pedagogical training, business and soft skills training (iii) and a combination of both. The study will document whether the MCP training enhances MCP’s skills and training quality in firms, as well as whether the interventions affect firm size (by accelerating the exit of apprentices or attracting new ones) and performance. The study will also document the effects of each intervention on apprentices' technical skills, participation in apprenticeship, employment status, and earnings.
External Link(s)

Registration Citation

Citation
Crépon, Bruno et al. 2025. "Upskilling Youths or Firms? Randomized Controlled Trial of a Government-led Dual Apprenticeship Program in Nigeria." AEA RCT Registry. May 06. https://doi.org/10.1257/rct.15929-1.0
Sponsors & Partners

Partner

Type
government
Experimental Details

Interventions

Intervention(s)
Intervention Start Date
2024-02-01
Intervention End Date
2024-10-31

Primary Outcomes

Primary Outcomes (end points)
Firm size
- Inflow and outflow of apprentices in firms, i.e. number of apprentices who entered or left the firm since the start of the program;
- Cost of training apprentices

MCP
Quality of the apprenticeship training provided
- Time spent supervising apprentices
- Pedagogical methods

Apprentices
Participation in/completion of Apprenticeship
- Participation in Apprenticeship
- Exit/Completion of Apprenticeship
Skills/Human Capital
- Technical skills (specific to trade/occupation)
- Index of complexity of tasks in primary occupation (occupation neutral)
Employment outcomes
- Share of youth working and type of occupation (apprenticeship, wage or self-employment);
- Hours worked by type of employment (apprenticeship, wage, self-employment and apprenticeship);
- Earnings by type of employment (from apprenticeship, wage and self-employment, transitions in the labor market)

Primary Outcomes (explanation)

Secondary Outcomes

Secondary Outcomes (end points)
Firm size
- Number of employees

Firm performance
- revenues, profits.
- Investments (ex. equipment purchase,…)

MCP
Skills/Human Capital
- Technical skills (specific to trade/occupation)
- Soft skills

Participation in/completion of Apprenticeship
- Certification type/Diploma received
Skills/Human Capital
- Soft/Behavioral skills
- Satisfaction with apprenticeship/relations with MCP
Value of work (as estimated by MCPs)
Professional aspirations/expectations
Psycho-social well-being (satisfaction in life and work)
Secondary Outcomes (explanation)

Experimental Design

Experimental Design
The RCT was designed as a firm-level cluster randomized control trial, with cross-randomization of a skill upgrading treatment for MCPs and a dual training treatment for youth apprentices. The firms (as well as apprentices and MCPs within them) are randomized into the four groups: (i) firms with training offered to MCP only, (ii) firms with (dual) training offered to apprentices only, (iii) firms with training offered to both MCP and apprentice, (iv) firms with no training offered (control group). Randomization was done at the firm level and stratified by trade and state.

Treatment 1: firms with training offered to MCP only
What is the impact of the skill upgrading treatment for MCPs on youth skills’ acquisition, employment and firm performance?
Treatment 2: firms with training offered to apprentices only
What is the impact of providing youths complementary technical and theoretical skills training on youth skills’ acquisition, employment and firm performance?
Treatment 3: firms with training offered to both MCP and apprentice
What is the value-added of integrating the two elements (training for youths and upskilling for firms/MCPs), rather than just doing one and the other?
Experimental Design Details
Not available
Randomization Method
Randomization was done in office by a computer.
Randomization Unit
Firm
Was the treatment clustered?
Yes

Experiment Characteristics

Sample size: planned number of clusters
1370 firms
Sample size: planned number of observations
1370 firms, 1676 MCPs and with 3697 eligible apprentices
Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms
Treatment 1: firms with training offered to both MCP and apprentice
341 firms (419 MCPs and 967 apprentices)

Treatment 2: Firms with training offered to MCP only.
339 firms (415 MCPs and 912 apprentices)

Treatment 3: Firms with (dual) training offered to apprentices only.
345 firms (432 MCPs and 924 apprentices)

Control: Firms with no training offered
345 firms (410 MCPs and 894 apprentices)
Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering)
IRB

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

IRB Name
Paris School of Economics Institutional Review Board
IRB Approval Date
2022-10-18
IRB Approval Number
2022-022