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Trial Title Delegation, Monitoring, and Incentives: A Field Experiment in Supply Chain Governance Delegation, Monitoring, and Supplier Engagement: A Field Experiment in Supply Chain Governance
Abstract This paper investigates how firms can design governance structures to manage complex objectives in global supply chains. We conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a large publicly listed firm in China and its network of 149 suppliers, testing how horizontal and vertical allocations of authority affect supplier behavior. Guided by theories of multitasking (Holmström & Milgrom, 1991) and delegation (Aghion & Tirole, 1997), the intervention independently varies the strength of incentives tied to future orders, the scope of third-party auditing, and the specification of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) key performance indicators. Supplier outcomes are measured through a centralized data platform that tracks supplier engagement (data completeness, documentation), objective performance (over 30 ESG indicators), and extensive-margin decisions (contract renewal). The findings aim to provide empirical insights into effective governance structures for sustainable supply chains, addressing the increasing stakeholder and regulatory demands for corporate social responsibility in emerging markets. We conduct a 2x2 factorial field experiment with a leading Chinese apparel brand and 155 of its suppliers to study how governance structure shapes supplier compliance with multi-dimensional reporting mandates. We independently vary decision authority (mandate versus delegation of KPI selection) and monitoring scope (comprehensive versus targeted carbon audit). Contrary to classical organizational theory, simpler governance structures generate substantially higher engagement among capacity-constrained small and medium-sized enterprises. Mandating a fixed KPI set reduces the missing-data rate by 10.4 percentage points relative to the control mean, while delegating KPI choice yields a negligible effect. Targeted carbon audits raise documentation coverage by 0.857 additional categories, roughly four times the effect of comprehensive audits. The two interventions are mutually reinforcing, with gains concentrated among smaller suppliers and in environmental reporting, where measurement standards are clearer and coordination costs are lower. We develop a model of bandwidth-constrained compliance that rationalizes these patterns and draw implications for the private regulation of externalities in global value chains.
Trial End Date March 31, 2026 June 30, 2026
JEL Code(s) C93, D23, L22, L23, M14, Q56 C93, D23, L14, M14, Q56
Last Published October 29, 2025 04:06 AM April 09, 2026 03:21 AM
Intervention (Public) Targeted versus comprehensive ESG data verification, strong versus weak incentive structure, and mandated versus self-selected ESG improvement metrics in supply chain management Targeted versus comprehensive ESG data verification and mandated versus self-selected ESG improvement metrics in supply chain management
Experimental Design (Public) Control; T1 (Vertical Intervention): T1A (Mandated ESG Improvement Metrics) versus T1B (Self-Selected ESG Improvement Metrics); T2 (Horizontal Intervention): T2A (Comprehensive ESG Data Verification) versus T2B (Targeted ESG Data Verification), and T2C (Weak Incentive) versus T2D (Strong Incentive) Control; T1 (Vertical Intervention): T1A (Mandated ESG Improvement Metrics) versus T1B (Self-Selected ESG Improvement Metrics); T2 (Horizontal Intervention): T2A (Comprehensive ESG Data Verification) versus T2B (Targeted ESG Data Verification)
Randomization Method Block Randomization Stratified Randomization
Planned Number of Observations 149 firms * 12 months 155 firms * 12 months
Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms Roughly 50 firms in control and 50 firms in each of the treatment arms (T1A-T2D) * Note that our treatment arms are cross-cutting with each other to investigate the interaction between different combinations of management practices Roughly 50 firms in control and 50 firms in each of the treatment arms (T1A, T1B, T2A, T2B) * Note that our treatment arms are cross-cutting with each other to investigate the interaction between different combinations of management practices
Additional Keyword(s) Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Supply Chain Management, Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), Multitasking, Delegation Supply Chain Governance, ESG Reporting, Field Experiment, Delegation, Multitasking, Organizational Bandwidth, SMEs, Private Regulation
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