Understanding Teacher Perceptions of Cooperative and Non-cooperative Students

Last registered on January 09, 2026

Pre-Trial

Trial Information

General Information

Title
Understanding Teacher Perceptions of Cooperative and Non-cooperative Students
RCT ID
AEARCTR-0017599
Initial registration date
January 06, 2026

Initial registration date is when the trial was registered.

It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication.

First published
January 09, 2026, 8:50 AM EST

First published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed.

Locations

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Primary Investigator

Affiliation
Yale University

Other Primary Investigator(s)

Additional Trial Information

Status
In development
Start date
2026-01-08
End date
2026-02-28
Secondary IDs
Prior work
This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs.
Abstract
Teachers will take part in a survey‐based vignette experiment in which they evaluate hypothetical profiles of incoming students. Each participating teacher will be randomly assigned to view one of two types of student profiles:
(i) a cooperative student and
(ii) a non-cooperative student,
where the cooperative vs. non-cooperative signal is described as originating from information provided by the student’s previous school (e.g., comments at the time of transfer). For the assigned profile, teachers will be asked to read a brief description of the student and then rate a series of statements on Likert-type scales.

The survey items will capture:

Perceptions and practices – Teachers will rate statements about how they would approach teaching and classroom management for this student (e.g., expected effort they would invest, monitoring and feedback practices, differentiation, communication with families, and willingness to seek additional support).

Perceived drivers of change in behavior and achievement – Teachers will rate the extent to which various factors would contribute to improving or worsening the student’s behavioral and academic outcomes. These factors may include the teacher’s own instructional and classroom management practices, the student’s motivation and self-regulation, peer relationships, family environment, and school-level supports.

By randomly assigning teachers to evaluate either the cooperative or the non-cooperative student profile and collecting their ratings on perceptions, intended practices, and perceived drivers of change, the experiment will allow us to isolate how initial behavioral signals from a previous school shape teachers’ expectations, planned responses, and attributions regarding future behavioral and academic trajectories.
External Link(s)

Registration Citation

Citation
Goulas, Sofoklis. 2026. "Understanding Teacher Perceptions of Cooperative and Non-cooperative Students." AEA RCT Registry. January 09. https://doi.org/10.1257/rct.17599-1.0
Experimental Details

Interventions

Intervention(s)
Teachers will take part in a survey‐based vignette experiment in which they evaluate hypothetical profiles of incoming students. Each participating teacher will be randomly assigned to view one of two types of student profiles:
(i) a cooperative student and
(ii) a non-cooperative student,
where the cooperative vs. non-cooperative signal is described as originating from information provided by the student’s previous school (e.g., comments at the time of transfer). For the assigned profile, teachers will be asked to read a brief description of the student and then rate a series of statements on Likert-type scales.
Intervention Start Date
2026-01-08
Intervention End Date
2026-02-28

Primary Outcomes

Primary Outcomes (end points)

The survey items will capture:

Perceptions and practices – Teachers will rate statements about how they would approach teaching and classroom management for this student (e.g., expected effort they would invest, monitoring and feedback practices, differentiation, communication with families, and willingness to seek additional support).

Perceived drivers of change in behavior and achievement – Teachers will rate the extent to which various factors would contribute to improving or worsening the student’s behavioral and academic outcomes. These factors may include the teacher’s own instructional and classroom management practices, the student’s motivation and self-regulation, peer relationships, family environment, and school-level supports.

Primary Outcomes (explanation)
By randomly assigning teachers to evaluate either the cooperative or the non-cooperative student profile and collecting their ratings on perceptions, intended practices, and perceived drivers of change, the experiment will allow us to isolate how initial behavioral signals from a previous school shape teachers’ expectations, planned responses, and attributions regarding future behavioral and academic trajectories.

Secondary Outcomes

Secondary Outcomes (end points)
Secondary Outcomes (explanation)

Experimental Design

Experimental Design
Teachers will take part in a survey‐based vignette experiment in which they evaluate hypothetical profiles of incoming students. Each participating teacher will be randomly assigned to view one of two types of student profiles:
(i) a cooperative student and
(ii) a non-cooperative student,
where the cooperative vs. non-cooperative signal is described as originating from information provided by the student’s previous school (e.g., comments at the time of transfer). For the assigned profile, teachers will be asked to read a brief description of the student and then rate a series of statements on Likert-type scales.
Experimental Design Details
Not available
Randomization Method
Randomization will be implemented at the teacher level within the Qualtrics survey platform. When a teacher begins the survey and consents to participate, Qualtrics will use its built-in randomization module to assign that teacher with equal probability (50/50) to one of two experimental conditions: (i) a vignette describing a cooperative student or (ii) a vignette describing a non-cooperative student, based on signals provided by the student’s previous school. Each teacher will be exposed to only one profile, ensuring that responses reflect between-teacher, rather than within-teacher, comparisons and avoiding contamination or carryover effects from seeing both types of profiles.

Because randomization occurs automatically within Qualtrics at the start of the survey, assignment is independent of teacher characteristics and prior responses. In the analysis, we will verify the success of randomization by comparing observable teacher characteristics across the two experimental arms (e.g., teaching experience, subject, school level) and will treat any remaining imbalances as random noise, adjusting for covariates as needed to improve precision.
Randomization Unit
Teacher level
Was the treatment clustered?
No

Experiment Characteristics

Sample size: planned number of clusters
200 teachers
Sample size: planned number of observations
200 teachers
Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms
100 teachers
Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering)
IRB

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

IRB Name
Stanford University
IRB Approval Date
2022-08-22
IRB Approval Number
66665