Land Titles, Urbanization, and Politics: Experimental Evidence from Smallholder Farmers in Mozambique

Last registered on January 28, 2026

Pre-Trial

Trial Information

General Information

Title
Land Titles, Urbanization, and Politics: Experimental Evidence from Smallholder Farmers in Mozambique
RCT ID
AEARCTR-0017624
Initial registration date
January 26, 2026

Initial registration date is when the trial was registered.

It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication.

First published
January 28, 2026, 7:52 AM EST

First published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed.

Locations

There is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access.

Request Information

Primary Investigator

Affiliation
University of Alicante

Other Primary Investigator(s)

PI Affiliation
Nova School of Business and Economics
PI Affiliation
Nova School of Business and Economics
PI Affiliation
FAO

Additional Trial Information

Status
On going
Start date
2025-11-01
End date
2026-12-31
Secondary IDs
Prior work
This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs.
Abstract
Like in many Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, Mozambique has most of the population in rural areas, extremely low levels of agricultural productivity, and very limited land rights. Those allocated land in rural areas are required to be present, implying slow urbanization and structural change. Land allocation is mediated by local chiefs appointed by the ruling party, which fears that land titling implies the loss of political control. In this project, we follow the allocation of land titles to a sample of smallholder farmers in rural areas of Nampula province. We are preparing an RCT in collaboration with local authorities. The focus will be on measuring impacts of rural land titling on migration to urban areas and occupational change, as well as on political participation and preferences. In doing so, we will also be able to measure effects on agricultural investment/productivity. We will run a baseline survey of the households of the smallholder farmers in the sample as well as their corresponding migrants, provide capacity to the local authorities on property rights, and repeat the measurements after a year of the titles’ allocation. The project will inform the crucial policy debate on land titling, urbanization, and their political feasibility in SSA.
External Link(s)

Registration Citation

Citation
Cruz, Alberto et al. 2026. "Land Titles, Urbanization, and Politics: Experimental Evidence from Smallholder Farmers in Mozambique." AEA RCT Registry. January 28. https://doi.org/10.1257/rct.17624-1.0
Experimental Details

Interventions

Intervention(s)
The intervention is the randomized allocation of formal long-term land-use and exploitation rights (Direitos de Uso e Aproveitamento da Terra, DUATs) to smallholder farmers in rural Mozambique. Eligible farmers receive an individual land title issued by the district land administration, formalizing existing customary land holdings. The intervention is implemented in collaboration with the District Government of Angoche and relevant land authorities.
Intervention Start Date
2026-02-01
Intervention End Date
2026-03-15

Primary Outcomes

Primary Outcomes (end points)
Our outcomes of interest include agricultural investment, output, and profit; migration outcomes (intentions to migrate, actual migration); occupations; consumption; subjective wellbeing; political preferences and attitudes.
Primary Outcomes (explanation)

Secondary Outcomes

Secondary Outcomes (end points)
Secondary Outcomes (explanation)

Experimental Design

Experimental Design
The study is a randomized controlled trial conducted among smallholder farmers in Angoche district, Nampula province, Mozambique. Eligible farmers are randomly assigned to either receive a land title during the study period (treatment) or remain under the status quo customary land tenure system (control). Baseline data are collected prior to titling, and follow-up data are collected approximately 6-12 months after title allocation. Outcomes are measured through household surveys, migrant follow-up surveys, administrative land records, and behavioral measures of political participation.
Experimental Design Details
Not available
Randomization Method
Randomization done in office by a computer.
Randomization Unit
The unit of randomization is the individual farmer, stratified by village, gender and land size.
Was the treatment clustered?
No

Experiment Characteristics

Sample size: planned number of clusters
N/A
Sample size: planned number of observations
958 farmers
Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms
479 farmers control, 479 farmers treatment
Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering)
IRB

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

IRB Name
Nova School of Business and Economics
IRB Approval Date
2025-05-23
IRB Approval Number
25151