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Field
Trial Title
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Before
Effect of music therapy applications on self-control, self-defence, and mental resilience levels in female wrestlers
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After
Effect of Psychological Skills Training on self-control, self-defence, and mental resilience levels in professional female wrestlers
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Abstract
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Before
Background: Self-control, self-defence self-efficacy, and mental resilience are among the fundamental psychological determinants of performance and competitive endurance in combat sports. However, scientific evidence regarding structured, evidence-based psychological intervention programs for female wrestlers is limited. This study aimed to examine the effect of a structured psychological intervention program based on music therapy on the levels of self-control, self-defence self-efficacy, and mental resilience in female wrestlers.
Method: The research was conducted using a randomized controlled pre-test–post-test experimental design. A total of 30 female wrestlers aged between 18 and 25 participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the music therapy intervention group (MTG; n=15) and the control group (CG; n=15). The MTG group received a structured music therapy-based psychological intervention program in addition to regular training for 8 weeks, while the control group continued only with their routine training program. Self-control, self-defence self-efficacy, and mental resilience levels were assessed before and after the intervention using valid and reliable psychometric scales. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance, and effect sizes were calculated.
Result: Significant differences over time were observed between the intervention and control groups. A highly significant group × time interaction was found for the SP variable (F = 56.525, p <.001, ηp² = .624), indicating a marked improvement in performance in the intervention group. Similarly, a significant group × time interaction was detected for DP scores (F = 9.360, p = .004, ηp² = .216). Among the subscales of self-control, a significant group × time interaction was identified for inhibition (F = 8.172, p = .007, ηp² = .194), while a stronger interaction emerged for initiation performance (F = 14.157, p <.001, ηp² = .294). A highly significant group × time interaction was found for the confidence sub-dimension of mental resilience (F = 59.976, p <.001, ηp² = .638). Similarly, a strong interaction effect was detected for the control dimension (F = 32.486, p <.001, ηp² = .489). A significant and high-level interaction was observed for the persistence dimension (F = 32.709, p <.001, ηp² = .490). The findings reveal that the intervention has a medium-to-high effect size on psychological performance indicators.
Conclusion: The music therapy-based psychological intervention program significantly increased female wrestlers' levels of self-control, self-defence self-efficacy, and mental resilience. These findings suggest that music-supported interventions aimed at developing psychological skills can be integrated into training processes as an effective and innovative approach to enhancing performance and psychological resilience in wrestling sports.
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After
Background: Self-control, self-defence self-efficacy, and mental resilience are among the fundamental psychological determinants of performance and competitive endurance in combat sports. However, scientific evidence regarding structured, evidence-based psychological intervention programs for professional female wrestlers is limited. This study aimed to examine the effect of a structured psychological intervention program based on psychological skills training on the levels of self-control, self-defence self-efficacy, and mental resilience in professional female wrestlers.
Method: The research was conducted using a randomized controlled pre-test–post-test experimental design. A total of 30 professional female wrestlers aged between 18 and 25 participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the Psychological Skills Training (PST) group (PST; n=15) and the control group (CG; n=15). The PST group received a structured Psychological Skills Training-based psychological intervention program in addition to regular training for 8 weeks, while the control group continued only with their routine training program. Self-control, self-defence self-efficacy, and mental resilience levels were assessed before and after the intervention using valid and reliable psychometric scales. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance, and effect sizes were calculated.
Result: Significant differences over time were observed between the intervention and control groups. A highly significant group × time interaction was found for the SP variable (F = 56.525, p <.001, ηp² = .624), indicating a marked improvement in performance in the intervention group. Similarly, a significant group × time interaction was detected for DP scores (F = 9.360, p = .004, ηp² = .216). Among the subscales of self-control, a significant group × time interaction was identified for inhibition (F = 8.172, p = .007, ηp² = .194), while a stronger interaction emerged for initiation performance (F = 14.157, p <.001, ηp² = .294). A highly significant group × time interaction was found for the confidence sub-dimension of mental resilience (F = 59.976, p <.001, ηp² = .638). Similarly, a strong interaction effect was detected for the control dimension (F = 32.486, p <.001, ηp² = .489). A significant and high-level interaction was observed for the persistence dimension (F = 32.709, p <.001, ηp² = .490). The findings reveal that the intervention has a medium-to-high effect size on psychological performance indicators.
Conclusion: The Psychological Skills Training-based psychological intervention program significantly increased female wrestlers' levels of self-control, self-defence self-efficacy, and mental resilience. These findings suggest that psychological skills training-supported interventions aimed at developing psychological skills can be integrated into training processes as an effective and innovative approach to enhancing performance and psychological resilience in wrestling sports.
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Last Published
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Before
March 12, 2026 04:33 AM
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After
June 29, 2026 05:45 PM
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Intervention (Public)
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Before
This study was designed as a parallel, two-arm, pre-test-post-test randomized controlled trial conducted in accordance with the CONSORT 2025 guidelines [8]. Prior to participation, all volunteers were informed in detail about the study procedures, and written consent was obtained in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed both verbally and in writing prior to enrollment that they could withdraw from the study at any time without giving a reason and without any consequences for their routine medical care. Ethical approval was granted by the Scientific Research Ethics Committee of Hitit University (Date: 29 August 2025; No: 2025/0472).
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured music therapy-based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and MTG), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the MTG group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
Healthy women participating in the study were asked to visit the laboratory three times. During the first visit, they were provided with information about the training procedures and scales. Each participant received a detailed explanation of the music therapy training procedure. During the second visit, which took place one week later, pre-intervention measurements were taken and the values recorded. At the end of the eight-week training program, final measurements were taken during the third and final visits
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After
This study was designed as a parallel, two-arm, pre-test-post-test randomized controlled trial conducted in accordance with the CONSORT 2025 guidelines [8]. Prior to participation, all volunteers were informed in detail about the study procedures, and written consent was obtained in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed both verbally and in writing prior to enrollment that they could withdraw from the study at any time without giving a reason and without any consequences for their routine medical care. Ethical approval was granted by the Scientific Research Ethics Committee of Hitit University (Date: 29 August 2025; No: 2025/0472).
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured music therapy-based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and PST), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the PST group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
Healthy women participating in the study were asked to visit the laboratory three times. During the first visit, they were provided with information about the training procedures and scales. Each participant received a detailed explanation of the psychological skills training procedure. During the second visit, which took place one week later, pre-intervention measurements were taken and the values recorded. At the end of the eight-week training program, final measurements were taken during the third and final visits
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Experimental Design (Public)
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Before
Healthy women participating in the study were asked to visit the laboratory three times. During the first visit, they were provided with information about the training procedures and scales. Each participant received a detailed explanation of the music therapy training procedure. During the second visit, which took place one week later, pre-intervention measurements were taken and the values recorded. At the end of the eight-week training program, final measurements were taken during the third and final visits
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After
Healthy women participating in the study were asked to visit the laboratory three times. During the first visit, they were provided with information about the training procedures and scales. Each participant received a detailed explanation of the Psychological Skills Training procedure. During the second visit, which took place one week later, pre-intervention measurements were taken and the values recorded. At the end of the eight-week training program, final measurements were taken during the third and final visits
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Field
Randomization Method
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Before
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured music therapy-based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and MTG), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the MTG group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
The MTG group participated in a music therapy program in addition to their wrestling training program, while the control group continued with their regular training routines. Randomization was performed using a computer-generated random sequence created by an independent researcher not involved in the assessments or intervention program. Assignment concealment was ensured using sequentially numbered, sealed, opaque envelopes opened after baseline measurements. However, to minimize detection and analysis bias, outcome assessors and the statistician responsible for data analysis were blinded to group assignment.
Initially, thirty-five female wrestlers were assessed for eligibility. Two participants were excluded from the study due to refusal to participate (n = 2), personal reasons or program conflicts (n = 2), and health-related reasons (n = 1). The remaining thirty participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the MTG group and the CG group, each comprising fifteen female wrestlers. To determine which group subjects in the sample would be assigned to, numbers from 1 to 30 were randomly assigned to the two groups using a computer program (https://www.randomizer.org/). All stages of the study were conducted under the supervision of a physician to ensure participant safety.
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After
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured Psychological Skills Training -based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and PST), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the MTG group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
The MTG group participated in a Psychological Skills Training in addition to their wrestling training program, while the control group continued with their regular training routines. Randomization was performed using a computer-generated random sequence created by an independent researcher not involved in the assessments or intervention program. Assignment concealment was ensured using sequentially numbered, sealed, opaque envelopes opened after baseline measurements. However, to minimize detection and analysis bias, outcome assessors and the statistician responsible for data analysis were blinded to group assignment.
Initially, thirty-five female wrestlers were assessed for eligibility. Two participants were excluded from the study due to refusal to participate (n = 2), personal reasons or program conflicts (n = 2), and health-related reasons (n = 1). The remaining thirty participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the PST group and the CG group, each comprising fifteen female wrestlers. To determine which group subjects in the sample would be assigned to, numbers from 1 to 30 were randomly assigned to the two groups using a computer program (https://www.randomizer.org/). All stages of the study were conducted under the supervision of a physician to ensure participant safety.
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Field
Randomization Unit
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Before
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured music therapy-based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and MTG), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the MTG group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
The MTG group participated in a music therapy program in addition to their wrestling training program, while the control group continued with their regular training routines. Randomization was performed using a computer-generated random sequence created by an independent researcher not involved in the assessments or intervention program. Assignment concealment was ensured using sequentially numbered, sealed, opaque envelopes opened after baseline measurements. However, to minimize detection and analysis bias, outcome assessors and the statistician responsible for data analysis were blinded to group assignment.
Initially, thirty-five female wrestlers were assessed for eligibility. Two participants were excluded from the study due to refusal to participate (n = 2), personal reasons or program conflicts (n = 2), and health-related reasons (n = 1). The remaining thirty participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the MTG group and the CG group, each comprising fifteen female wrestlers. To determine which group subjects in the sample would be assigned to, numbers from 1 to 30 were randomly assigned to the two groups using a computer program (https://www.randomizer.org/). All stages of the study were conducted under the supervision of a physician to ensure participant safety.
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After
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured Psychological Skills Training -based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and PST), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the MTG group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
The MTG group participated in a Psychological Skills Training in addition to their wrestling training program, while the control group continued with their regular training routines. Randomization was performed using a computer-generated random sequence created by an independent researcher not involved in the assessments or intervention program. Assignment concealment was ensured using sequentially numbered, sealed, opaque envelopes opened after baseline measurements. However, to minimize detection and analysis bias, outcome assessors and the statistician responsible for data analysis were blinded to group assignment.
Initially, thirty-five female wrestlers were assessed for eligibility. Two participants were excluded from the study due to refusal to participate (n = 2), personal reasons or program conflicts (n = 2), and health-related reasons (n = 1). The remaining thirty participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the PST group and the CG group, each comprising fifteen female wrestlers. To determine which group subjects in the sample would be assigned to, numbers from 1 to 30 were randomly assigned to the two groups using a computer program (https://www.randomizer.org/). All stages of the study were conducted under the supervision of a physician to ensure participant safety.
Initially, thirty-five female wrestlers were assessed for eligibility. Two participants were excluded from the study due to refusal to participate (n = 2), personal reasons or program conflicts (n = 2), and health-related reasons (n = 1). The remaining thirty participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the MTG group and the CG group, each comprising fifteen female wrestlers. To determine which group subjects in the sample would be assigned to, numbers from 1 to 30 were randomly assigned to the two groups using a computer program (https://www.randomizer.org/). All stages of the study were conducted under the supervision of a physician to ensure participant safety.
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Field
Planned Number of Clusters
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Before
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured music therapy-based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and MTG), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the MTG group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
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After
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured Psychological Skills Training-based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and PST), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the PST group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
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Field
Planned Number of Observations
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Before
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured music therapy-based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and MTG), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the MTG group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
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After
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured Psychological Skills Training-based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and PST), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the PST group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
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Field
Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms
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Before
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured music therapy-based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and MTG), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the MTG group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
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After
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured Psychological Skills Training-based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and PST), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the PST group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
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Power calculation: Minimum Detectable Effect Size for Main Outcomes
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Before
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured music therapy-based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and MTG), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the MTG group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
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After
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured Psychological Skills Training-based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and PST), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the PST group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
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Additional Keyword(s)
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Before
Wrestling, quality of life, mental resilience, self-control, music therapy.
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After
Wrestling, quality of life, mental resilience, self-control, psychological skills training.
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Field
Intervention (Hidden)
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Before
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured music therapy-based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and MTG), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the MTG group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
Healthy women participating in the study were asked to visit the laboratory three times. During the first visit, they were provided with information about the training procedures and scales. Each participant received a detailed explanation of the music therapy training procedure. During the second visit, which took place one week later, pre-intervention measurements were taken and the values recorded. At the end of the eight-week training program, final measurements were taken during the third and final visits
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After
This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of a structured Psychological Skills Training -based psychological performance intervention program aimed at developing mental resilience, self-control, and self-defence self-efficacy in female wrestlers aged 18-25. Thirty healthy female wrestlers were included in the study. The G*Power 3.1 program was used to determine the required number of participants. The power analysis results of the sample study showed that the study could be completed with 12 participants in each group (effect size: 0.80; actual power: 0.89). To account for possible losses, 15 more participants were assigned to each group (CG and PST), adding 25% to the total number of participants. The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to the MTG group or the control group (CG) at a 1:1 ratio.
Healthy women participating in the study were asked to visit the laboratory three times. During the first visit, they were provided with information about the training procedures and scales. Each participant received a detailed explanation of the Psychological Skills Training procedure. During the second visit, which took place one week later, pre-intervention measurements were taken and the values recorded. At the end of the eight-week training program, final measurements were taken during the third and final visits
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