|
Field
Trial End Date
|
Before
September 01, 2026
|
After
September 03, 2026
|
|
Field
Last Published
|
Before
May 11, 2026 09:26 AM
|
After
September 01, 2026 07:11 PM
|
|
Field
Intervention End Date
|
Before
August 10, 2026
|
After
September 03, 2026
|
|
Field
Primary Outcomes (End Points)
|
Before
The intervention is built on the science of a strengths-based approach and serve and return interactions—the responsive back-and-forth exchanges between adults and children that build the foundation for healthy brain development. The key outcomes are caregiver-level parenting outcomes:
1. Sense of competence, and self-efficacy: Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (C-PSOC) and key items of Tool to Measure Parenting Self-Efficacy (TOPSE).
2. Parenting investment, responsiveness, and environment:
Parenting interaction quality: A 16-item self-report scale assessing cognitive and emotional stimulation, responsiveness, and respect for child autonomy in caregiver-child interactions.
Caregiver investment in stimulative parenting practices and materials: Caregivers self-report their investment in resources and activities using the Family Care Indicators (FCI).
Objective home learning environment measures: parent-child interaction videos and day-long audio recordings
3. Caregiver mental health: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21)
|
After
The intervention is built on the science of a strengths-based approach and serve and return interactions—the responsive back-and-forth exchanges between adults and children that build the foundation for healthy brain development. The key outcomes are caregiver-level parenting outcomes:
The first family is responsive caregiving / reciprocal interaction.
Self-reported responsive skills and the responsiveness subscale of the Responsive Caregiving Rating Scale for Children Aged 0 to 4 Years (RCRS).
Observed measures: Video-coded serve-and-return responsiveness, including cue-contingent caregiver responsiveness, coded from a 10–15-minute recorded caregiver-child interaction. LENA conversational turn counts and a measure of child-initiated conversational turn counts.
The second primary behavioral outcome family is parenting investment and developmental stimulation. Measures in this family include the Family Care Indicators (FCI). Additional measures include the Promoting Cognitive and Emotional Development subscale of the RCRS and prespecified caregiver-child interaction questions. This family captures the frequency and breadth of developmentally supportive activities and is conceptually distinct from reciprocal responsiveness.
We prespecify four intermediate outcome domains.
1. Parenting beliefs: Beliefs about responsive parenting investment; Beliefs about the returns to broader parenting investment; Scenario-based parenting-belief measures
2. Parenting self-efficacy will be measured using the short form of the Tool to Measure Parenting Self-Efficacy (TOPSE) and the Chinese Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (C-PSOC)
3. Caregiver-child relationship will be measured primarily using the Mothers’ Object Relations Scales (MORS), adapted as needed for mothers, grandmothers, and other primary caregivers.
4. Psychological capacity will be measured primarily using the Parental Stress Scale.
This change is to align with our pre-analysis plan before the endline survey was completed.
|
|
Field
Primary Outcomes (Explanation)
|
Before
We will follow Attanasio et al (2020) to construct: 1) the sense of competence and self-efficacy; 2) parenting investment, responsiveness, and environment.
We will follow the newest analytic technique to analyze our parent-child interaction videos.
For day-long audio recordings, we will use the Language Environment Analysis (LENA) outcomes.
|
After
|
|
Field
Randomization Method
|
Before
We designed a 10-week, single-blind, clustered randomized controlled trial in 100 villages across Hubei Province. We created a stratified design at the township level, and randomly assigned villages to either the intervention group (n = 50) or the pure control group (n = 50) in a 1:1 allocation ratio within each stratum.
|
After
We designed a 10-week, single-blind, clustered randomized controlled trial in 100 villages across Hubei Province. We created a stratified design at the county level, and randomly assigned villages to either the intervention group (n = 50) or the pure control group (n = 50) in a 1:1 allocation ratio within each stratum.
|
|
Field
Public analysis plan
|
Before
No
|
After
Yes
|
|
Field
Secondary Outcomes (End Points)
|
Before
The goal of the intervention is to promote early child development through improving caregiver-level parenting outcomes. Thus, we will measure child development outcomes as our secondary outcomes by using:
1) MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI), measuring children’s early communicative behaviors and vocabulary development.
2) Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments (CREDI), assessing child development across motor, language, cognitive, social-emotional, and self-regulation domains using age-specific caregiver-reported items.
3) Home Language Environment (LENA): Objective analysis of day-long audio recordings to quantify child language skills.
4) Challenging child behaviors
To improve the caregiver-level parenting outcomes, we will explore possible channels by measuring caregiver aspirations, parenting stress/hassles/self-control, parenting beliefs and knowledge, social support, happiness, and parent-child relationship
|
After
We will also examine secondary and exploratory caregiver-level outcomes: parenting discipline style, perceived social support, screen-related parenting and exposure, and broader caregiver well-being, including DASS-21 and happiness/life satisfaction. Downstream child-development outcomes include CDI language/vocabulary, CREDI development, and ASQ-SE socioemotional development. Any additional child assessments not explicitly listed in the outcome codebook will be labeled exploratory. Because these are distal outcomes at an immediate post-intervention endpoint, the FIND theory of change does not require large short-run child-development effects.
|
|
Field
Pi as first author
|
Before
No
|
After
Yes
|