Does Poverty Lower Productivity?

Last registered on April 19, 2018

Pre-Trial

Trial Information

General Information

Title
Does Poverty Lower Productivity?
RCT ID
AEARCTR-0002181
Initial registration date
April 17, 2018

Initial registration date is when the trial was registered.

It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication.

First published
April 19, 2018, 4:29 PM EDT

First published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed.

Locations

Region

Primary Investigator

Affiliation
Paris School of Economics

Other Primary Investigator(s)

PI Affiliation
Harvard University
PI Affiliation
MIT
PI Affiliation
UC Berkeley

Additional Trial Information

Status
On going
Start date
2017-03-01
End date
2020-07-31
Secondary IDs
Abstract
Recent work posits that poverty lowers cognitive function (Mani et al. 2013), but evidence for behaviors in the field is lacking. If true, this has the potential to lower labor productivity among the poor, providing a channel through which poverty could directly reinforce itself. We design an experiment with piece rate manufacturing workers to examine a link between financial constraints and worker productivity. We induce variation in both the extent of financial constraints as well as their salience among workers.
External Link(s)

Registration Citation

Citation
Kaur, Supreet et al. 2018. "Does Poverty Lower Productivity?." AEA RCT Registry. April 19. https://doi.org/10.1257/rct.2181-1.0
Former Citation
Kaur, Supreet et al. 2018. "Does Poverty Lower Productivity?." AEA RCT Registry. April 19. https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/2181/history/28568
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Experimental Details

Interventions

Intervention(s)
We recruit daily wage laborers to participate full-time in a low-skill manufacturing job, namely producing disposable plates. Workers receive wages according to a base wage rate and a piece rate, so that their total wage depends on their individual production. We record the number of plates worker produce in each hour throughout the study in order to measure their productivity. We randomly vary the schedule of the lump-sum wage payments across individuals, so that some workers receive their initial wage payments in the middle of the study, while the rest receive all payments at the end. At several points during the study, workers are asked to participate in a half-hour activity, during which they are induced to think about their financial issues. The participants first listen to a 10-minute story in a small group of people of up to six people. The story describes the experiences of an agricultural worker who has recently faced various financial problems. Then they individually engage in an informal discussion of approximately 15 - 20 minutes with a surveyor about how the story relates to their own life and financial situation. We compare the productivity of workers after the activity, comparing those who were randomly selected to engage in the activity that day against those who had a regular work day (“financial salience effect”). We test whether the financial salience effect changes depending on whether workers have already received the initial lump-sum wage payments.
Intervention (Hidden)
Intervention Start Date
2018-03-06
Intervention End Date
2018-06-10

Primary Outcomes

Primary Outcomes (end points)
We will collect data on work performance by recording the hourly disposable plate output by each worker. To fully understand the intervention’s effects on productivity, we will also collect output quality measures in addition to the quantity measures. For all the measures, two auditors will first independently record their scores and then their supervisors will reconcile any differences.
Primary Outcomes (explanation)

Secondary Outcomes

Secondary Outcomes (end points)
Secondary Outcomes (explanation)

Experimental Design

Experimental Design
The experiment will be implemented in sessions, with each worker receiving a 12-day-contract for full-time employment. Each session involves approximately 30 participants, who are randomized into the following treatment groups prior to the start of each session.

(1) Wave 1: Early salience - Cash
(2) Wave 2: Late salience - Cash
(3) Wave 3: No salience - Cash
(4) Wave 4: Early salience - No cash
(5) Wave 5: Late salience - No cash
(6) Wave 6: No salience – No cash

The schedule of the 12-day session is as follows:

- Day 1: Workers provide informed consent, complete a baseline survey and go through training. They receive the first day’s wage at the end of the day. If any worker drops out after Day 1, they are replaced by a new worker by Day 3. No replacements occur after Day 3.
- Day 5: The wage payment schedules are announced in the morning. That is, Wave 1-3 learn that they will receive lump-sum wage payments in the middle of the session.
- Day 6: Those in Waves 1 and 4 (Early salience) participate in the half-hour financial salience activity in the morning.
- Day 8: Those in Waves 1, 2, and 3 (Cash) receive lump-sum wage payments at the end of the day.
- Day 10: Those in Waves 2 and 5 (Late salience) participate in the half-hour financial salience activity in the morning. Everyone is also asked a few questions about their work experience on this day.
- Day 12: Workers complete an endline survey and receive final wage payments at the end of the day.

Workers in each wave are also randomized into Type A and Type B. Those in Type A have the schedule described above. For those in Type B, the salience activities and cash payments happen with a one day lag. That is, the first financial salience activity takes place on Day 7, wave payments on Day 9, and the second financial salience activity on Day 11, respectively.

The baseline survey collects basic information on demographics (age, literacy, education, family) and wealth (work, loans, dwelling and recent expenditure). The endline survey collects information on the detailed expenditures in the last few days, major sources of financial stress, life satisfaction and happiness. Output measures collected on Day 2-11 are used for analysis.


Hypotheses

Using our randomized treatments, we will conduct two main tests. First, we will test whether the productivity of the workers that have recently received lump-sum wage payments is different from the productivity of those who have not yet received payments. Second, we will test whether having recently received wage payments reduces the financial salience effect.
Experimental Design Details
Randomization Method
Randomization is done in the office by one of the PIs, Research Assistants, or graduate students on the computer, prior to the start of each session.
Randomization Unit
Workers are randomized into different treatment waves at the individual level.
Was the treatment clustered?
No

Experiment Characteristics

Sample size: planned number of clusters
Over 200 individuals. Since we expect the financial salience effect to be present in the lean season, where workers are most concerned about their income and expenditure, we plan to run the experimental sessions from early March to early June of 2018. We plan to recruit more than 200 workers, according to our power calculations.
Sample size: planned number of observations
Over 10,000 individual-hours (5 work hours per day * 10 measured work days per person).
Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms
(1) Wave 1: 10%
(2) Wave 2: 20%
(3) Wave 3: 20%
(4) Wave 4: 10%
(5) Wave 5: 20%
(6) Wave 6: 20%
Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering)
IRB

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

IRB Name
MIT COUHES
IRB Approval Date
2016-08-05
IRB Approval Number
1607623454

Post-Trial

Post Trial Information

Study Withdrawal

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Intervention

Is the intervention completed?
No
Data Collection Complete
Data Publication

Data Publication

Is public data available?
No

Program Files

Program Files
Reports, Papers & Other Materials

Relevant Paper(s)

Reports & Other Materials