Intervention (Hidden)
Anti-Stigma Treatment Procedures
The intervention will be embedded into the household survey conducted primarily for the study "Direct and Spillover Impacts of a Community-Level HIV/AIDS Program (FCC)" (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03880175), where rich household and individual level characteristics will be collected during a home visit.
The following three questions on HIV-related stigma were asked in the social opinion survey.
J17 Would you buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper or vendor if you knew that this person had HIV?
J19 If a member of your family became sick with AIDS would you be willing to care for them in your own household?
J20 In your opinion, if a teacher has HIV but is not sick, should they be allowed to continue teaching at school?
We summarized the answers to these three questions of the survey respondents. Let x17, x19, and x20 be the shares of respondents answered “yes” to question J17, J18, and J19, respectively. The table below shows the values of x17, x18, and x19 in each study community. Note that very high shares of respondents answered “yes,” indicating relatively low rates of HIV-related stigma. The anti-stigma treatment will reveal these very low rates of stigmatizing attitudes to respondents, potentially reducing stigma concerns and thereby raising HIV testing rates.
In this study, the respondent will be asked to guess the share of people in their neighborhood answering “yes” to each of the three questions above (i.e., guess the values of x17, x19, and x20). Specifically, the respondent will be asked the following three questions:
J17a If I ask the question, “Would you buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper or vendor if you knew that this person had HIV?”, to 10 people in your neighborhood, how many of them, would you expect, to say “Yes”? (guess the value of x17)
J19a If I ask the question, “If a member of your family became sick with AIDS would you be willing to care for them in your own household?”, to 10 people in your neighborhood, how many of them, would you expect, to say “Yes”? (guess the value of x19)
J20a If I ask the question, “In your opinion, if a teacher has HIV but is not sick, should they be allowed to continue teaching at school?”, to 10 people in your neighborhood, how many of them, would you expect, to say “Yes”? (guess the value of x20)
Let the answers of the respondent to question J17a, J19a, and J20a in the study survey be y17, y19, and y20 , respectively. If y17 < x17, then, it suggests that the respondent has overestimated the HIV-related stigma in their community. In this case, we will reveal to him or her the true value of x17 in the respondent’s community. If y17>= x17, we will not reveal x17. The same rule applies to the pairs of (y19, x19) and (y20, x20) as well.
If a participant answered in such a way that y17>=x17, y19>=x19, and y20>=x20, then, the anti-stigma treatment will not apply to this respondent.
Enumerator Narrative:
In an earlier social opinion survey, we asked people in your neighborhood questions about their attitudes towards HIV/AIDS. We would like to share with you how people responded to these questions.
If y17>=x17 for this respondent, then the enumerator skips the succeeding two paragraphs. Otherwise, the enumerator says:
In the survey we just finished, you guessed that [the survey software automatically inserts the respondent’s answer to question J17a] out of 10 people in your community would answer “yes” to the question, “Would you buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper or vendor if you knew that this person had HIV?”.
We did ask this question to people in your community in the earlier survey. They answered “yes” to this question more often than you think they would. Our data show that [insert the value of x17 for the respondent’s community, see the table below] out of 10 of the people answered “yes”, indicating that the vast majority of respondents are supportive of people living with HIV.
If y19>=x19 for this respondent, then the enumerator skips the succeeding two paragraphs. Otherwise, the enumerator says:
In the survey we just finished, you guessed that [the survey software automatically inserts the respondent’s answer to question J19a] out of 10 people in your community would answer “yes” to the question, “If a member of your family became sick with AIDS would you be willing to care for them in your own household?”.
We did ask this question to people in your community in the earlier survey. They answered “yes” to this question more often than you think they would. Our data show that [insert the value of x19 for the respondent’s community, see the table below] of the people answered “yes”, indicating that the majority of respondents are supportive of people living with HIV.
If y20>=x20 for this respondent, then the enumerator skips the succeeding two paragraphs. Otherwise, the enumerator says:
In the survey we just finished, you guessed that [the survey software automatically inserts the respondent’s answer to question J20a] out of 10 people in your community would answer “yes” to the question, “In your opinion, if a teacher has HIV but is not sick, should they be allowed to continue teaching at school?”.
We did ask this question to people in your community in the earlier survey. They answered “yes” to this question more often than you think they would. Our data show that [insert the value of x20 for the respondent’s community, see the table below] of the people answered “yes”, indicating that the majority of the respondents are supportive of people living with HIV.
Table:
Community Name The share of respondents answered "yes" to question J17 (i.e., x17) The share of respondents answered "yes" to question J19 (i.e., x19) The share of respondents answered "yes" to question J20 (i.e., x20)
EPC de Chipinde 92.5% 96.8% 92.3%
EPC de Munhonha 93.6% 99.1% 96.3%
ES do Dondo 86.8% 96.2% 91.4%
ES de Macharote 75.0% 94.3% 85.4%
EPC 25 de Setembro CFM 81.3% 98.9% 95.4%
EPC 7 de Abril - Matadouro 87.5% 99.0% 93.8%
EPC de Centro de Acomodação - Mach 75.0% 91.8% 87.5%
EPC C.A.de Cheringoma - Dondo 68.4% 85.4% 75.0%
EPC Samora M. Machel 72.6% 84.3% 76.3%
EPC de Mussassa 67.5% 85.7% 71.4%
EPC de Monte Siluvo 87.1% 100.0% 87.5%
EPC de Nharuchonga 79.2% 98.6% 89.7%
EPC de 3 de Fevereiro 88.9% 95.5% 85.7%
EPC 25 de Setembro 91.5% 96.7% 94.2%
EPC 12 de Outubro 89.3% 98.2% 91.1%
EPC Acordos de Lusaka 81.8% 100.0% 89.5%
ES de Tica 93.3% 96.8% 93.7%
ES de Metuchira 79.0% 98.5% 84.9%
EPC de Muda - Gondola 71.6% 89.7% 87.0%
EPC 1 de Maio - Gondola 81.1% 96.1% 94.7%
EPC de Eduardo Mondlane - Mucorodzi 72.6% 82.8% 88.9%
EPC de Cafumpe 75.0% 95.9% 90.4%
ES Josina Machel 88.1% 95.3% 93.8%
ES de Macombe 72.8% 94.1% 91.7%
EPC de Mussiquir 64.5% 87.5% 87.1%
EPC de Bela Vista - Gondola 72.4% 93.2% 86.0%
EPC de Cabeça do Velho 83.6% 80.9% 86.8%
EPC da Fepom 89.2% 97.3% 93.2%
EPC de Nhamaonha 79.7% 89.4% 87.9%
EPC 25 de Setembro 86.9% 100.0% 96.6%
EPC do Centro Hípico 78.7% 95.2% 91.9%
EPC de Nhamadjessa 74.3% 90.3% 91.5%
EPC 7 de Setembro 81.2% 97.1% 88.4%
EPC 7 de Abril 89.2% 95.5% 98.4%
EPC 1 de Junho 80.3% 92.4% 88.3%
EPC de Mudzingadzi 92.8% 94.5% 93.2%
ES da Soalpo 73.1% 94.2% 86.8%
ES Eduardo Mondlane 83.3% 84.6% 83.3%
ES da Vila Nova 72.2% 91.3% 86.1%
ES 7 de Abril 73.5% 95.7% 95.4%
ES de Messica 62.9% 88.2% 79.4%
EPC Eduardo Mondlane 77.3% 80.3% 81.5%
EPC de Vumba 82.0% 86.0% 84.0%
EPC Messica Aldeia 78.9% 89.5% 84.2%
EPC de Manhate 72.2% 79.2% 83.3%
EPC Estevao Dimaka 75.0% 72.9% 71.4%
EPC de Manica 71.7% 87.0% 92.5%