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Field
Last Published
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Before
August 15, 2026 01:23 PM
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After
August 23, 2026 12:29 PM
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Field
Primary Outcomes (End Points)
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Before
Our primary outcomes are:
1. Fertilizer use: amounts and extensive-margin use of urea/nitrogen, compound fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer.
2. Fertilizer timing and mix: whether farmers apply fertilizer at recommended stages and whether they rebalance away from excessive nitrogen toward phosphorus and potassium.
3. Gaps between actual fertilizer use and recommended fertilizer use.
4. Beliefs about production: especially beliefs about the relationship between rice greenness and yield, and beliefs about the yield effects of increasing or decreasing urea use.
5. Understanding of fertilizer nutrients: knowledge of the roles of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
6. Agricultural outcomes: rice yields, revenues, fertilizer/input costs, and profits.
7. Phase III task outcomes: accuracy in leaf-color interpretation and incentivized photo-based yield-ranking tasks.
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After
1. Fertilizer use: amounts and extensive-margin use of urea/nitrogen, compound fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer.
2. Fertilizer timing and mix: whether farmers apply fertilizer at recommended stages and whether they rebalance away from excessive nitrogen toward phosphorus and potassium.
3. Gaps between actual fertilizer use and recommended fertilizer use.
4. Beliefs about production: especially beliefs about the relationship between rice greenness and yield, and beliefs about the yield effects of increasing or decreasing urea use.
5. Understanding of fertilizer nutrients: knowledge of the roles of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
6. Agricultural outcomes: rice yields, revenues, fertilizer/input costs, and profits.
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Field
Primary Outcomes (Explanation)
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Before
Fertilizer quantities will be converted to kilograms and normalized by cultivated area where appropriate. We will separately measure compound fertilizer, urea/nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer. When the N-P-K formula of compound fertilizer is available, we will also construct nutrient-content measures.
Belief outcomes will be coded as indicators for correct responses. For example, the correct belief about greenness and yield is that yield first increases and then decreases with greenness, rather than “the greener, the better”. Nutrient knowledge outcomes include whether farmers correctly identify nitrogen as affecting greenness, phosphorus as affecting flowering and root development, and potassium as affecting grain filling or grain density.
Yield will be measured as harvested rice output divided by harvested area. Profits will be constructed as revenue minus reported production costs. For Phase III decision tasks, we will construct task-level and respondent-level accuracy.
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After
Fertilizer quantities will be converted to kilograms and normalized by cultivated area where appropriate. We will separately measure compound fertilizer, urea/nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer. When the N-P-K formula of compound fertilizer is available, we will also construct nutrient-content measures.
Belief outcomes will be coded as indicators for correct responses. For example, the correct belief about greenness and yield is that yield first increases and then decreases with greenness, rather than “the greener, the better”. Nutrient knowledge outcomes include whether farmers correctly identify nitrogen as affecting greenness, phosphorus as affecting flowering and root development, and potassium as affecting grain filling or grain density.
Yield will be measured as harvested rice output divided by harvested area. Profits will be constructed as revenue minus reported production costs.
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Field
Secondary Outcomes (End Points)
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Before
Secondary outcomes include:
1. Long-run use and memory of the leaf color chart.
2. Whether the leaf color chart had a lasting influence on fertilizer decisions.
3. Willingness to receive and pay for personalized fertilizer advice.
4. Willingness to receive and pay for a leaf color chart.
5. Farmer experimentation with fertilizer use on their own plots.
1. Long-run use and memory of the leaf color chart.
2. Whether the leaf color chart had a lasting influence on fertilizer decisions.
3. Willingness to receive and pay for personalized fertilizer advice.
4. Willingness to receive and pay for a leaf color chart.
5. Sources of fertilizer information, including extension agents, fertilizer sellers, mobile tools, media, and peers.
6.Farmer experimentation with fertilizer use on their own plots.
Attention to crop characteristics such as greenness, roots, flowering time, lodging risk, and grain fullness.
Peer discussion and diffusion of information about formula fertilizer, leaf color charts, and optimal greenness.
Other agricultural practices, including pesticide use, labor, mechanization, subsidies, insurance, and adaptation to weather or seasonal timing.
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After
Whether the treatment had a lasting influence on knowledge about fertilizer, knowledge about leaf color, fertilizer decisions, agricultural practice.
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