Secondary Outcomes (end points)
An increase in survey participation can, but need not, increase survey quality. To assess how survey quality is affected by the treatments and study potential mechanisms, we will also investigate effects along the following dimensions:
1. Nonresponse bias: Nonresponse bias will be assessed by approaches such as analyzing differences in observable administrative background variables between respondents and nonrespondents (such as age, sex, features of the university entrance qualification, and prior academic performance).
2. Quality of survey response: We will further approximate the quality of the survey responses using variables based on dimensions such as answering speed, item-non-response, survey drop-out, and item-non-differentiation.
3. Beliefs: Finally, to study potential mechanisms we will investigate effects on students’ beliefs about the participation rate among all students and the confidence in those beliefs (asked in the surveys).