Experimental Design
We examine the effects of (i) email pre-notification, (ii) lottery prizes, (iii) charity donations, (iv) email reminders, and (v) telephone reminders. The study follows a multiple-stage experimental design. Stage 1 implements three treatment arms: (i) email pre-notification sent one week prior to the survey, (ii) offering 100 lottery prizes of JPY 1,000 upon survey completion, and (iii) a $2 donation to a charity chosen by the respondent for each completed response. Stage 2 activates two treatment arms: (iv) email reminders (2 types), targeting non-respondents.