Secondary Outcomes (explanation)
Value of productive assets owned by household: Sum of the self-reported value of: Livestock; Agricultural assets (farm tools/equipment, seeds or seedlings, wheelbarrows/hand carts); Stall used for business or income-generating purposes; Current business stock on hand; Household assets used for business or income-generating purposes (stove, refrigerator, cookware/pots, sewing machine, iron, hairdryer, washing machine, table, desk, bench, chair, sofa, generator, solar panel); Means of transportation used for business or income-generating purposes (bicycle, motorcycle or scooter, animal-drawn cart, car, truck, boat, canoe); Electronics used for business or income-generating purposes (computer or tablet, television, radio, mobile phone)
Wealth index: Our approach follows the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) wealth index construction. This is constructed based on the first principal component of a principal components analysis (PCA) based on assets and living conditions, which we will normalize relative to the control distribution at baseline. The assets and living conditions included largely follow the 2016 Uganda DHS.
Monthly household non-agricultural business revenue: Sum of revenue in the last month from all non-agricultural businesses owned by the household.
Total monthly household revenue: Sum of household revenue from all non-agricultural businesses (defined above) and household agricultural revenue . The latter is defined as the sum of: Revenue earned from selling crops or crop products produced in the last rainy season divided by 6 to convert into monthly revenue for the past 6 months; and Revenue earned from selling livestock or livestock products in the last 6 months divided by 6 to convert to monthly revenue.
Total monthly household profit: Sum of household profit from all non-agricultural businesses (defined above) and household agricultural profit. The latter is defined as monthly household agricultural revenue minus monthly household agricultural expenses. Monthly household agricultural expenses are calculated as the sum of expenditures on fertilizer, pesticides, seeds, irrigation water, hired machinery, hired labor, livestock assets, livestock inputs, agriculture/crop insurance, transport for agriculture, and other for the last rainy season, multiplied by two (to account for two rainy seasons per year) and divided by 12 (to convert into monthly revenue).
Total monthly household income: Sum of income in the last 12 months from 11 different potential household income sources (cash assistance, food vouchers, wages from salaried employment, pay for casual or domestic work, support from friends/relatives, remittances from within Uganda, remittances from outside Uganda, asset earnings, non-agricultural business revenue used for household purposes, agricultural revenue, and other), divided by 12 to convert to monthly income.
Household exhibits stress coping strategies (stress_coping): Our approach follows the World Food Programme (WFP) Livelihood Coping Strategies index construction. This is a binary variable equal to 1 if the household exhibits at least 1 of 4 stress coping strategies: selling assets; borrowing money; spending savings; or selling/exchanging in-kind assistance. The household is considered to have exhibited the strategy if they engaged in the activity in the last 30 days due to a lack of food or money to buy it during the last 30 days or did not engage in the behavior in the last 30 days because they already engaged in the activity in the last 12 months and could not continue to do so. If 50 percent or more of surveyed households report that a given strategy is not applicable (because they don’t have access to it) that strategy is dropped prior to construction and only the remaining strategies are considered.
Household exhibits crisis coping strategies (crisis_coping): Our approach follows the World Food Programme (WFP) Livelihood Coping Strategies index construction. This is a binary variable equal to 1 if the household exhibits at least 1 of 3 crisis coping strategies: selling productive assets or means of transportation; reducing expenditures on health (including medicine); or withdrawing children from school. The household is considered to have exhibited the strategy if they engaged in the activity in the last 30 days due to a lack of food or money to buy it during the last 30 days or did not engage in the behavior because they already engaged in the activity in the last 12 months and could not continue to do so. If 50 percent or more of surveyed households report that a given strategy is not applicable (because they don’t have access to it) that strategy is dropped prior to construction and only the remaining strategies are considered.
Household exhibits emergency coping strategies (emergency_coping): Our approach follows the World Food Programme (WFP) Livelihood Coping Strategies index construction. This is a binary variable equal to 1 if the household exhibits at least 1 of 3 emergency coping strategies: selling the house or land where they are living; begging and/or scavenging; or engaging in social degrading, high-risk, exploitive, or life-threatening income-generating activities. The household is considered to have exhibited the strategy if they engaged in the activity in the last 30 days due to a lack of food or money to buy it during the last 30 days or did not engage in the behavior because they already engaged in the activity in the last 12 months and could not continue to do so. If 50 percent or more of surveyed households report that a given strategy is not applicable (because they don’t have access to it) that strategy is dropped prior to construction and only the remaining strategies are considered.
Livelihoods coping strategies index: Our approach follows the World Food Programme (WFP) Livelihood Coping Strategies index construction. Each household is assigned a value between 1 and 4: 1 if the household does not exhibit any stress, crisis, or emergency coping strategies (stress_coping, crisis_coping, and emergency_coping all equal 0); 2 if the household exhibits stress coping strategies but does not exhibit any crisis or emergency coping strategies (stress_coping equals 1 but crisis_coping and emergency_coping both equal 0); 3 if the household exhibits crisis coping strategies but does not exhibit any emergency coping strategies (crisis_coping equals 1 but emergency_coping equals 0); 4 if the household exhibits emergency coping strategies (emergency_coping =1). The average index value across all households is reported.
Household food insecurity score: Our approach follows the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS):
1. Assign each household a score from 0-2 for each of three food insecurity situations in the past 30 days: no food to eat in the house, going to sleep hungry at night due to lack of food, going a whole day and night without eating anything. For each situation, if the household did not experience it in the past 30 days they receive a score of 0. If they experienced the situation rarely (1-2 times) or sometimes (3-10 times) they receive a score of 1. If they experienced the situation often (more than 10 times) they receive a score of 2.
2. Sum the scores from each of the 3 situations for each household, resulting in a score from 0-6 for each household. Report the mean score across all households.
3. Create three binary variables based on each household’s total score. A score of 0-1 indicates little to no food insecurity; 2-3 indicates moderate food insecurity, and 4-6 indicates severe food insecurity.
Current household debt: Sum of household debt from 11 different potential sources (relatives in Uganda, friends/neighbors in Uganda, relatives/friends outside of Uganda, landlord, shopkeepers, microfinance institutions, village savings and loan associations, banks, savings and credit cooperative organizations, local businesses or community members, and other).
Current household savings: Sum of household savings from 6 different potential savings instruments (bank account, mobile money account, cash, jewelry, savings groups, and other).
All school-aged children in household are currently enrolled in school: Equals 1 if all school-aged children in the household are currently enrolled in a formal school. Equals 0 if at least one school-aged child in the household is not currently enrolled in a formal school.
All school-aged girls in household are currently enrolled in school: Equals 1 if all school-aged girls in the household are currently enrolled in a formal school. Equals 0 if at least one school-aged girl in the household is not currently enrolled in a formal school.
All children in the household who are enrolled in school attended at least 75% of school days in the past week: For each school-aged child in the household who is enrolled in school, calculate the percentage of time they attended school in the last week as the number of days the child attended school last week divided by the number of days the school was open last week. If the percentage is greater than or equal to 75% for all enrolled children in the household this is equal to 1. If at least one enrolled child has attendance below 75% this is equal to 0. School-aged children who are not enrolled in school are excluded from the construction.
All girls in the household who are enrolled in school attended at least 75% of school days in the past week: For each school-aged girl in the household who is enrolled in school, calculate the percentage of time they attended school in the last week as the number of days the girl attended school last week divided by the number of days the school was open last week. If the percentage is greater than or equal to 75% for all enrolled girls in the household this is equal to 1. If at least one enrolled girl has attendance below 75% this is equal to 0. School-aged girls who are not enrolled in school are excluded.