Comparing the Impacts of Industrial Jobs and Self-Employment in Ethiopia

Last registered on November 01, 2016
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Pre-Trial

Trial Information

General Information

Title
Comparing the Impacts of Industrial Jobs and Self-Employment in Ethiopia
RCT ID
AEARCTR-0001642
Initial registration date
November 01, 2016

Initial registration date is when the trial was registered.

It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication.

First published
November 01, 2016, 3:48 PM EDT

First published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed.

Locations

Country
Ethiopia
Region
Africa

Primary Investigator

Name
Christopher Blattman
Affiliation
University of Chicago
Contact Primary Investigator

Other Primary Investigator(s)

PI Name
Stefan Dercon
PI Affiliation
Oxford University, Centre for the Study of African Economies, Department of Economics and Blavatnik School of Government
Contact Investigator

Additional Trial Information

Status
Completed
Start date
2010-01-01
End date
2013-12-31
Keywords
Finance & Microfinance, Health, Labor
Additional Keywords
wage labor, factories, employment, entrepreneurship, cash transfers, field experiment
JEL code(s)
J24, O14, F16, J81, O17
Secondary IDs
Abstract
As low-income countries industrialize, workers choose between informal self-employment and low-skill manufacturing. What do workers trade off, and what are the long run impacts of this occupational choice? Self-employment is thought to be volatile and risky, but to provide autonomy and flexibility. Industrial firms are criticized for poor wages and working conditions, but they could offer steady hours among other advantages. We worked with five Ethiopian industrial firms to randomize entry-level applicants to one of three treatment arms: an industrial job offer; a control group; or an "entrepreneurship" program of $300 plus business training. We followed the sample over a year. Industrial jobs offered more hours than the control group’s informal opportunities, but had little impact on incomes due to lower wages. Most applicants quit the sector quickly, finding industrial jobs unpleasant and risky. Indeed, serious health problems rose one percentage point for every month of industrial work. Applicants seem to understand the risks, but took the industrial work temporarily while searching for better work. Meanwhile, the entrepreneurship program stimulated self-employment, raised earnings by 33%, provided steady work hours, and halved the likelihood of taking an industrial job in future. Overall, when the barriers to self-employment were relieved, applicants appear to have preferred entrepreneurial to industrial labor.
External Link(s)
J-PAL Evaluation Summary Page

Registration Citation

Citation
Blattman, Christopher and Stefan Dercon. 2016. "Comparing the Impacts of Industrial Jobs and Self-Employment in Ethiopia." AEA RCT Registry. November 01. https://doi.org/10.1257/rct.1642-1.0
Former Citation
Blattman, Christopher and Stefan Dercon. 2016. "Comparing the Impacts of Industrial Jobs and Self-Employment in Ethiopia." AEA RCT Registry. November 01. https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/1642/history/11596
Sponsors & Partners

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Experimental Details

Interventions

Intervention(s)
Low-skilled workers applying to entry-level jobs at one of five firms in Ethiopia were randomly assigned to one of the following interventions:

1) Job offer treatment: the worker receives a job offer
2) Control group: the worker does not receive a job offer
3) Entrepreneurship program treatment: The worker was offered five days of business training and planning followed by $300 grant (about $1030 in purchasing power parity, or PPP). This program was intended to relieve key constraints on their informal employment opportunities.
Intervention Start Date
2010-01-01
Intervention End Date
2013-12-31

Primary Outcomes

Primary Outcomes (end points)
employment in formal sector/industrial labor, employment in informal sector, earnings, hours worked per week, physical health, mental health, employee turnover
Primary Outcomes (explanation)

Secondary Outcomes

Secondary Outcomes (end points)
Secondary Outcomes (explanation)

Experimental Design

Experimental Design
We follow a panel of nearly 1000 applicants to entry-level jobs in five industrial firms in different parts of Ethiopia. Jobs were advertised locally using flyers. Applicants were self-selected to have at least some interest in an industrial job, and screened by firms to have some secondary schooling. We randomly assigned roughly a third of the applicants to a job offer, a third to a control group, and a third to an entrepreneurship program intended to relieve key constraints on their informal employment opportunities: five days of business training and planning followed by $300 grant (about $1030 in purchasing power parity, or PPP). Five firms participated in the experiment: a water bottling plant, a vegetable farm, a flower farm, a shoe manufacturer, and a textile and garment factory.

After treatment assignment, the firms posted the names of people receiving the job offer at the factory site and the research team contacted all those assigned to the job or grant. Job offers began within a few days. We gave each firm a list of unsuccessful applicants and asked the firm not to hire them for at least 1–2 months.
Experimental Design Details
Randomization Method
Randomization to treatment group was done by computer and was stratified by gender.
Randomization Unit
low-skilled worker
Was the treatment clustered?
No

Experiment Characteristics

Sample size: planned number of clusters
No clusters
Sample size: planned number of observations
947 low-skilled job applicants
Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms
304 job offer treatment, 285 entrepreneurship program treatment, 358 control
Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering)
Supporting Documents and Materials
IRB

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

IRB Name
IRB Approval Date
IRB Approval Number
Analysis Plan

Post-Trial

Post Trial Information

Study Withdrawal

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Intervention

Is the intervention completed?
Yes
Intervention Completion Date
December 31, 2013, 12:00 +00:00
Data Collection Complete
Yes
Data Collection Completion Date
December 31, 2013, 12:00 +00:00
Final Sample Size: Number of Clusters (Unit of Randomization)
No clusters
Was attrition correlated with treatment status?
Yes
Final Sample Size: Total Number of Observations
947 low-skilled job applicants
Final Sample Size (or Number of Clusters) by Treatment Arms
304 job offer treatment, 285 entrepreneurship program treatment, 358 control
Data Publication

Data Publication

Is public data available?
No

Program Files

Program Files
Reports, Papers & Other Materials

Relevant Paper(s)

Abstract
As low-income countries industrialize, workers choose between informal self-employment and low-skill manufacturing. What do workers trade off, and what are the long run impacts of this occupational choice? Self-employment is thought to be volatile and risky, but to provide autonomy and flexibility. Industrial firms are criticized for poor wages and working conditions, but they could offer steady hours among other advantages. We worked with five Ethiopian industrial firms to randomize entry-level applicants to one of three treatment arms: an industrial job offer; a control group; or an "entrepreneurship" program of $300 plus business training. We followed the sample over a year. Industrial jobs offered more hours than the control group’s informal opportunities, but had little impact on incomes due to lower wages. Most applicants quit the sector quickly, finding industrial jobs unpleasant and risky. Indeed, serious health problems rose one percentage point for every month of industrial work. Applicants seem to understand the risks, but took the industrial work temporarily while searching for better work. Meanwhile, the entrepreneurship program stimulated self-employment, raised earnings by 33%, provided steady work hours, and halved the likelihood of taking an industrial job in future. Overall, when the barriers to self-employment were relieved, applicants appear to have preferred entrepreneurial to industrial labor.
Citation
Blattman, Christopher, and Stefan Dercon. "Occupational choice in early industrializing societies: Experimental evidence on the income and health effects of industrial and entrepreneurial work." NBER Working Paper, September 2016.
URL
http://www.nber.org/papers/w22683

Reports & Other Materials