Projection Bias in Effort Choices

The main intervention consists in randomizing subjects in sessions 1 and 2 in such a way that they have a light workload in session 1 and a hard workload in session 2 (treatment 1) or a hard workload in session 1 and a light workload in session 2 (treatment 2).

2019-04-01

2022-12-30

The main outcome variable is the amount of tasks that subjects sign up for in session 3, as well as how much of this is predicted by the WTW at the end of session 2 based on the treatment they are in.

The main part of the design is a between-subjects outcome. Every participant who signs up will be asked to do tasks in 3 sessions. In all sessions, subjects have to do a given amount of required tasks. I randomize at the individual level whether subjects exert low effort in the first session and high effort in the second; or high effort in the first session and low in the second. Since the total amount of work is kept the same for all, this rules out the possibility that different choices over future work are driven by learning. However, if subjects who worked more in session 2 are more tired, then projection bias predicts that they will be less willing to accept to do extra work at the end of session 3. Therefore, at the end of session 2 I will elicit the willingness to work (WTW) more right away (at the end of session 2), as well as the WTW more in session 3. The degree to which the session 2 WTW predicts session 3 WTW gives a *direct* measure of the population-average projection bias.

Secondary outcomes are the difference between WTW at the end of session 1 and 2 *within* subjects. At the end of each of session 1 and 2, I elicit the WTW right now, as well as WTW in session 3.

Moreover, I ask questions to measure whether subjects project their own transient willingness onto others, and whether they project it onto their own past choices.

The secondary outcomes uses data from the same subjects from the end of session 1, where they are asked for their WTW right away, and for their WTW in session 3. Together with the same answers at the end of session 2, this can be used to estimate the degree of projection bias at the individual-level.

If the budget permits, I will ask these subjects to participate in the same experiment several months later, to measure measure how stable projection bias is for a given individual.

In addition to these primary goals focused on simple projection bias, I will ask several questions at the end of session 2 and session 3 to test whether subjects mispredict others' preferences; and whether they make mistakes in remembering their own choices based on how they currently feel about such past choices.

The real effort task I refer to in the description below is a task that consists in counting how often a given character appears in a matrix that contains different characters.

The design consists of a sign-up session, three main sessions, and a final debriefing survey. In the sign-up session I get subjects’ consent to participate; I describe the study, the type of task they will be asked to complete, and the choices they will be asked to make; and I test their comprehension. Those subjects that pass the comprehension test can enroll in the study, the others are excluded.

Moving on to the experiment, the main outcomes of the design are between-subjects. Every participant who signs up will be asked to do tasks in 3 sessions. They will do additional tasks in session 1 and 2, as well as choose how much extra work to do in those sessions as well as in the final session.

In session 3, subjects complete the work they signed up for and then complete the debrief survey.

Not available

Randomization by computer, at the time subjects enroll for the main study.

Individual-level randomization

No

One for the pilot (one batch)

Given that each data point will probably cost around $20 (estimate from another experiment with multiple sessions), the current budget permits around 150 subjects.

50 subjects to estimate the effort disutility and different eliciation methods.

150 subjects for the main run, which consists of 3 sessions.

Repetition a few months later (conditional on additional funding): Randomly chosen subset of 100 subjects from those who completed the original study.

I will defer this computation until after having run the pilot, as there is no point in guessing the population standard deviation for this task, nor of the change in WTW that is directly proportional to the treatment size (not to the effect size - which is about the size of projection bias itself).