Secondary Outcomes (explanation)
Here we list secondary outcome measures. Details can be found in Appendix Tables 3 and 4 of the document "Analysis Plan and Measures".
1. Child Language Development at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Language Milestones measured using Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ)- Communication Subscale (at ages 12 and 36 months); Child Vocalizations measured using LENA Technology software (at age 24 months); Communicative Development measured using the short-form versions of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (at age 24 months); Verbal Comprehension measured using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-fourth edition (WPPSI-IV)- Vocabulary Subscale (at age 36 months); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the entire family of related measures in the Child Language Development outcome cluster using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing)
2. Child Socioemotional Processing at ages 12 and 24 months: Social-Emotional Problems measured using the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA); Social-Emotional Behavior measured using the NICHD SECCYD Mother-Child Interaction Task (positive/negative mood, activity level, sustained attention, positive engagement); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the entire family of related measures in the Child Socioemotional Processing outcome cluster using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing)
3. Child Brain Function at ages 12 and 36 months: Resting brain function measuring Gamma, Alpha and Theta power using EEG resting high-frequency power (waves adjusted for multiple testing bias) (at age 12 months); Language-related brain function measuring Alpha, Gamma and Theta power using EEG (waves adjusted for multiple testing bias) (at age 36 months); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the entire family of related measures in the Child Brain Function outcome cluster using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing)
4. Child Physiological Stress at age 36 months measured using child's Hair cortisol
5. Child Sleep at ages 12 and 24 months measured using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS™) Sleep Disturbance (SD) Short Form
6. Child Health at ages 12 and 24 months measured using an index of survey items (see Appendix Table 3 in the document titled "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items)
7. Child Epigenetic Age at age 24 months: Measured using the method following Fiorito et al. (2017) (see the Bibliography of Child Focused Pre-registered Hypotheses in in the document titled "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for the full citation)
8. Child DNA Methylation at age 24 months: Measured using the method following Hughes et al. (2018) and Cao-Lei et al. (2014) (see the Bibliography of Child Focused Pre-registered Hypotheses in in the document titled "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for the full citation)
9. Child's Siblings' School Achievement starting at age 6 years using administrative test score data
10. Child and Sibling School Behavior starting at age 6 years using administrative data
11. Child Nutrition at age 24 months: Consumption of healthy foods measured using an additive index of survey items; Consumption of unhealthy foods measured using an additive index of survey items; (see Appendix Table 4 in the document titled "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items)
12. Household Economic Hardship at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Index of food insufficiency measured using the U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form; Index of economic stress using an additive index of survey items, with higher score indicating higher stress (see Appendix Table 4 in the document titled "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items); Household Poverty measured using Census Bureau's thresholds; (we will estimate the statistical significance of the entire family of related measures in the Household Economic Stress outcome cluster using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing)
13. Social Services Receipt at ages 12, 24, 36 months measured by the number of benefits received by mother (see Appendix Table 4 in the document titled "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items)
14. Mother's Labor Market and Education Participation at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Time to labor market reentry from birth (at age 12 months); Time to full-time labor market reentry from birth (at age 12 months); Dichotomous indicator of mother's education and training activity participation (see Appendix Table 4 in the document titled "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the entire family of related measures in the Mother's Labor Market and Education Participation outcome cluster using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing)
15. Child-Focused Expenditures at age 12, 24, 36 months: Index of child-focused expenditures since birth (at age 12 months); Total dollar amount of child-focused expenditures in the past 30 days; Cost of paid child care in dollars; Dichotomous indicator of use of center-based care (see Appendix Table 4 in the document titled "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the entire family of related measures in the Child-Focused Expenditures outcome cluster using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing)
16. Housing and Neighborhood Quality at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Additive index of perceptions of neighborhood safety with higher score indicating feeling more safe; Additive index of housing quality; Additive index of items indicating experiences with homelessness; Excessive residential mobility measured using an indicator of three or more residential moves; Neighborhood Poverty Rate using census data (see Appendix Table 4 in the document titled "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the entire family of related measures in the Housing and Neighborhood Quality outcome cluster using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing)
17. Family and Maternal Perceived Stress at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS); Parenting Stress measured using the Aggravation in Parenting Scale; (we will estimate the statistical significance of the entire family of related measures in the Family and Maternal Perceived Stress outcome cluster using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing)
18. Maternal Happiness and Optimism at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Global happiness measured using a survey item (see Appendix Table 4 in the document titled "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for item); Maternal Agency measured using the HOPE Scale; (we will estimate the statistical significance of the entire family of related measures in the Family and Maternal Happiness and Optimism outcome cluster using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing)
19. Maternal Physiological Stress at age 12 months measured using maternal hair cortisol
20. Maternal Mental Resources at age 24 months measured using the Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test
21. Maternal Mental Health at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Depression measured using the PHQ-8; Anxiety measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (at ages 12 and 36 months); Anxiety measured using the GAD-7 (at age 24 months); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the entire family of related measures in the Maternal Mental Health outcome cluster using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing)
22. Maternal Physical Health at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Global health measured using a survey item; Sleep measured using an additive index of survey items (at ages 12 and 36 months); Mother's Body Mass Index measured by dividing weight by stature (at age 36 months) (see Appendix Table 4 in the document titled "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items) (we will estimate the statistical significance of the entire family of related measures in the Maternal Substance Abuse outcome cluster using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing)
23. Maternal Substance Abuse at ages 12 and 36 months: Index of frequency of alcohol and cigarette use; frequency of opioid use (see Appendix Table 4 in the document titled "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items) (we will estimate the statistical significance of the entire family of related measures in the Maternal Substance Abuse outcome cluster using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing)
24. Chaos in the Home at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Measured using the Home Environment Chaos Scale
25. Maternal Relationship Quality at ages 12, 24, 36 months: Index of frequency of arguing; Presence of physical abuse measured using a dichotomous indicator, Index of relationship quality measured using survey items (at age 12 months); dichotomous indicator of high or low quality relationship, where 0 is defined as not in a relationship or a score above 26 on the Index of relationship quality and 1 is defined as in a relationship and a score of 26 or below on the Index of Relationship quality (at ages 24 and 36 months); (see Appendix Table 4 in the document titled "Analysis Plan and Outcome Measures" for items); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the entire family of related measures in the Maternal Relationship Quality outcome cluster using stepdown resampling methods for multiple testing)
26. Parent-Child Interaction Quality at ages 12 and 24 months: Adult word count measured using LENA Technology software; Conversational turns measured using LENA Technology software; Index of mother's positive parenting behaviors measured using the Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO™) to code NICHD SECCYD Mother-Child Interaction Task (adapted script) (at age 12 months); (we will estimate the statistical significance of the entire family of related measures in the Parent-Child Interaction