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A sequential and adaptive experiment to increase the uptake of long-acting reversible contraceptives in Cameroon

Last registered on March 23, 2021

Pre-Trial

Trial Information

General Information

Title
A sequential and adaptive experiment to increase the uptake of long-acting reversible contraceptives in Cameroon
RCT ID
AEARCTR-0003514
Initial registration date
October 30, 2018

Initial registration date is when the trial was registered.

It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication.

First published
October 30, 2018, 5:53 PM EDT

First published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed.

Last updated
March 23, 2021, 10:51 AM EDT

Last updated is the most recent time when changes to the trial's registration were published.

Locations

Region

Primary Investigator

Affiliation
The World Bank

Other Primary Investigator(s)

PI Affiliation
Stanford University
PI Affiliation
George Washington University
PI Affiliation
University of Exeter
PI Affiliation
HGOPY, Cameroon
PI Affiliation
UC San Diego

Additional Trial Information

Status
On going
Start date
2018-12-03
End date
2022-12-31
Secondary IDs
Abstract
Cameroon exhibits a high and non-decreasing level of maternal mortality (roughly 600 per 100,000 live births), partially related to its relatively high total fertility rate (roughly 4.6). Survey evidence furthermore suggests that a significant fraction of these pregnancies is unwanted or considered mistimed by the mother, especially among females aged 15-19. Despite this, the rate of utilization of family planning (FP) is low: e.g. only 48% of sexually active unmarried women use any form of (modern) contraception, or MC, and even then, it is primarily condoms. The use of LARCs (long-acting reversible contraceptives, i.e. the IUD and implant) is less than 1% according to the most recent Demographic Health Survey.

We propose to use an integrated behavioral science approach to increase the take-up of both SARCs (short-acting reversible contraceptives, i.e. the pill and injectable) and especially LARCs among reproductive-age females in Cameroon, including adolescents who may be unmarried and/or nulliparous. In addition to decreasing maternal mortality and undesired pregnancies, indirect effects for the community will include: increased welfare from reduced side effects that arise due to current one-size-fits-all FP counseling; healthier children due to improved birth spacing; and increased human capital formation both for children and for young (often school-aged) potential mothers.

We propose to conduct the study at HGOPY for a duration of 12 months. We hope to do so by providing tablets to each of five nurses that conduct FP counseling to women at the hospital. The tablets contain a counseling “app” (or decision-support tool or a job-aid) that was jointly developed by professionals from HGOPY, the World Bank, and the Ministry of Health. We propose an individually-randomized experiment, where the clients will be offered randomly varying discounts for the modern contraceptive methods they wish to adopt. We also propose to experiment with certain aspects of the “app” to improve its effectiveness – both for the client and for the nurse. More details on the experimental design are provided below.
External Link(s)

Registration Citation

Citation
Athey, Susan et al. 2021. "A sequential and adaptive experiment to increase the uptake of long-acting reversible contraceptives in Cameroon." AEA RCT Registry. March 23. https://doi.org/10.1257/rct.3514-2.2
Former Citation
Athey, Susan et al. 2021. "A sequential and adaptive experiment to increase the uptake of long-acting reversible contraceptives in Cameroon." AEA RCT Registry. March 23. https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/3514/history/88062
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Experimental Details

Interventions

Intervention(s)
The proposed study is randomized controlled trial (RCT) to be conducted at HGOPY. As the hospital’s interest is in improving the quality of family planning services it provides and increasing the demand for family planning services sought at HGOPY, the unit of intervention is a client presenting with a request for family planning services. As such, individuals will be randomly assigned to the interventions being evaluated under this study, which are described below.

1. Randomly varying the prices the individual clients face by offering discounts: at the end of each counseling session, which is conducted by a nurse using a tablet-based app (which can be described as a decision-support tool or a job aid), the health provider will offer the client a discount from the regular prices charged by HGOPY for long-acting and short-acting methods (LARCs and SARCs). We aim to investigate the following questions using this intervention:

a. Is the demand for (modern) contraception among females responsive to changes in prices?
b. Is there a discontinuity in demand at “price = 0”? Is the elasticity different for adolescents vs. adults?

The prices (or discounts) for LARCs and SARCs will be independently randomized in a 5x2 factorial design.

2. Randomly varying whether the “app” recommends one method at a time vs. “status quo”

Here, we would like to test, as closely as possible, the paradigm shift in FP counseling – from discussing all methods and letting the client state the method she would like to discuss to the “app” recommending a method to discuss first – based on the information elicited from the client during the session. Therefore, we would like to randomize, initially with equal probability, between two regimes (it is possible that we test four regimes, adding two and three choices at a time):

i. Status quo: The “app” displays all MC methods (up to four) that have not been ruled out by the client or medical eligibility up to that point. The choices are presented as unranked (i.e. as if equally suitable for the client) and the nurses will be trained to provide basic information on all choices (in order of the methods displayed, which may be randomized as well) and then allow the client to indicate which method they would like to discuss. From there, the procedure is the same (go to cue card, etc. and then adopt or choose another method and repeat – until a decision is made).
N.B. The preferred ranking will be known to the researchers, i.e. the app will still rank methods, but simply not display those rankings to the nurse counselor.

ii. Top recommendation: This is how the “app” currently works: it will display the MC deemed most suitable for the client given her preferences and ask her if she would like to hear about it. If she says ‘no,’ or if she says ‘yes’ but ends up not wanting to adopt the method, the next highest ranked recommendation will be displayed and the same process will be repeated until a final decision is reached.

The experiment, with longer-term follow-up, will shed light on what form of counseling works better to improve client welfare and satisfaction, as well as reducing the likelihood of discontinuations and unintended pregnancies.

3. Randomizing between two methods when there is a tie in rank:

The “app” bases its recommendations on the clients’ preferences regarding (a) side effects, and (b) how long she’d like to wait before becoming pregnant. Methods that the client does not want to consider and that do not meet medical eligibility criteria are then eliminated from the ranked list of recommendations.

When there is a “tie” between two methods, the tie is broken using a random number generator. Experimental evidence on the acceptability of LARCs for clients presenting to adopt SARCs (or people who are not sure about the method they would like to adopt) is scant, especially in the developing world. Randomization to break ties to recommend one method ahead of another will address this issue.
Intervention (Hidden)
Intervention Start Date
2021-03-23
Intervention End Date
2021-12-31

Primary Outcomes

Primary Outcomes (end points)
The primary outcomes in this study are:

1. The client adopted a LARC or not, and
2. The client adopted a modern contraceptive method (LARC or SARC) or not.
Primary Outcomes (explanation)
These outcomes can be immediately measured using de-identified data from the tablets used by nurses.

Secondary Outcomes

Secondary Outcomes (end points)
The (individual-level) secondary outcomes in this study are "client experiences at HGOPY, satisfaction with their adopted contraceptive method, the (dis)continuation of their chosen method, and unintended pregnancy.

The (facility-level) secondary outcomes are:

1. The total number of counseling sessions conducted per week (or month),
2. The total number of modern contraceptives administered per week (or month), and
3. The ratio of LARCs to SARCs administered per week (or month)



Secondary Outcomes (explanation)
Individual-level secondary outcomes will be collected through follow-up surveys and can be analyzed experimentally.

Facility-level secondary outcomes will be aggregated through individual-level counseling session data from the tablets and will be analyzed non-experimentally (perhaps using an event-study type of analysis).

Experimental Design

Experimental Design
The three interventions described above will be randomized independently of each other at the individual level. So, all three interventions will be conducted simultaneously.

The data will be analyzed in batches using contextual multi-armed bandit (MAB) algorithms to update the random assignment probabilities in this adaptive experimental design.
Experimental Design Details
Randomization Method
Randomization by the tablet used by the nurse/health provider.
Randomization Unit
Individual client
Was the treatment clustered?
No

Experiment Characteristics

Sample size: planned number of clusters
1 hospital
Sample size: planned number of observations
No less than 1,500 and no more than 4,000 individual clients.
Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms
equally distributed within each intervention initially, but then updated monthly based on the analysis of each batch.
Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering)
See Pre-analysis plan.
Supporting Documents and Materials

Documents

Document Name
Follow-up Qx (two-week)
Document Type
survey_instrument
Document Description
Two-week follow-up phone survey instruments
File
Follow-up Qx (two-week)

MD5: 814d8c8290fdd4b63677f3590845c3ae

SHA1: 35c800abd23f6f114e92db993e907802fd4616f3

Uploaded At: March 23, 2021

Document Name
Follow-up Qx (16- & 52-week)
Document Type
survey_instrument
Document Description
16- and 52-week follow-up phone survey instruments
File
Follow-up Qx (16- & 52-week)

MD5: 607bef86a17a552f7b50d533ccdbddcf

SHA1: f3a066cac23f392cf360628af79a71d08143d928

Uploaded At: March 23, 2021

Document Name
Tablet-based counseling app (French)
Document Type
other
Document Description
The sequence of questions in the counseling app
File
Tablet-based counseling app (French)

MD5: a7cfe4bd0ef928a5ab863a0eef6fe119

SHA1: 8906729b9a311fbc12f3481552467e790996517b

Uploaded At: March 23, 2021

Document Name
Tablet-based counseling app (English)
Document Type
other
Document Description
The sequence of questions in the counseling app
File
Tablet-based counseling app (English)

MD5: eb820defa9c5303b679fdce5a33b0db1

SHA1: 60bf88836c802f0a336e8bd5ebbf3555ee1f2c88

Uploaded At: March 23, 2021

IRB

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

IRB Name
COMITE INSTITUTIONNEL D'ETHIQUE DE LA RECHERCHE POUR LA SANTE HUMAINE (CIERSH)
IRB Approval Date
2018-11-09
IRB Approval Number
780/CIERSH/DM/2018
Analysis Plan

Analysis Plan Documents

Pre-analysis plan

MD5: bfb1fddc029a795956b203b38a7af657

SHA1: 6a8c7696d74efeb1e13efc0f88fc7f191287b0e1

Uploaded At: March 23, 2021

Post-Trial

Post Trial Information

Study Withdrawal

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Intervention

Is the intervention completed?
No
Data Collection Complete
Data Publication

Data Publication

Is public data available?
No

Program Files

Program Files
Reports, Papers & Other Materials

Relevant Paper(s)

Reports & Other Materials